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Paramedic vs Private Transportation of Trauma PatientsEffect on Outcome
Demetrios Demetriades, MD, PhD;
Linda Chan, PhD;
Edward Cornwell, MD;
Howard Belzberg, MD;
Thomas V. Berne, MD;
Juan Asensio, MD;
Dennis Chan, MD;
Mark Eckstein, MD;
Kathy Alo, RN
Arch Surg. 1996;131(2):133-138.
Abstract
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Background
Prehospital emergency medical services (EMS) play a major role in any trauma system. However, there is very little information regarding the role of prehospital emergency care in trauma. To investigate this issue, we compared the outcome of severely injured patients transported by paramedics (EMS group) with the outcome of those transported by friends, relatives, bystanders, or police (non-EMS group).
Design
We compared 4856 EMS patients with 926 non-EMS patients. General linear model analysis was performed to test the hypothesis that hospital mortality is the same in EMS and non-EMS cases, controlling for the following confounding factors, which are not affected by mode of transportation: age, gender, mechanism of injury, cause of injury, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and severe head injury. Crude, specific, and adjusted mortality rates and relative risks were also derived for the EMS and non-EMS groups.
Setting
Large, urban, academic level I trauma center.
Patients
All patients meeting the criteria for major trauma.
Results
The two groups were similar with regard to mechanism of injury and the need for surgery or intensive care unit admission. The crude mortality rate was 9.3% in the EMS group and 4.0% in the non-EMS group (relative risk, 2.32; P<.001). After adjustment for ISS, the relative risk was 1.60 (P=.002). Subgroup analysis showed that among patients with ISS greater than 15, those in the EMS group had a mortality rate twice that of those in the non-EMS group (28.8% vs 14.1%). After controlling for confounding factors, the adjusted mortality among patients with ISS greater than 15 was 28.2% for the EMS group and 17.9% for the non-EMS group (P<.001).
Conclusions
Patients with severe trauma transported by private means in this setting have better survival than those transported via the EMS system. Large prospective studies are needed to identify the factors responsible for this difference.
(Arch Surg. 1996;131:133-138)
Author Affiliations
From the Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Department of Surgery (Drs Demetriades, Cornwell, Belzberg, Berne, and Asensio and Ms Alo), the Division of Research/Biostatistics (Dr L. Chan), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (Drs D. Chan and Eckstein), Los Angeles County+ University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles.
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