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Paul Friedmann, MD

Arch Surg. 2001;136:442-447.

	Since this article does not have an abstract, we have provided the first 150 words of the full text and any section headings.

INTRODUCTION

Thomas Carlyle noted that "The history of the world is but the biography of great men."¹ The history of surgery in Massachusetts is full of great men who have made enormous contributions to the art and the science of surgery. I will concentrate for the most part on the century just past, and on the surgeons, mostly from Massachusetts but some from the other New England states, who have made those contributions and provided leadership and vision to the New England Surgical Society (NESS).

At the turn of the 19th century, surgical practice, and indeed medical practice as a whole, was chaotic. Many of the 11 medical schools in Massachusetts were of poor quality. In most instances, medical education consisted of a series of lectures and an examination, usually an oral one since most of the students could not read.² Surgical training consisted of an internship of . . . [Full Text of this Article]

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSES

JUDGMENTS OF HISTORY

PRAISING FAMOUS MEN

From Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Mass.

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