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Kenneth G. MacDonald, Jr, MD

Arch Surg. 2003;138:357-360.

	Since this article does not have an abstract, we have provided the first 150 words of the full text and any section headings.

INTRODUCTION

Obesity may be defined by weight, body mass index (BMI) (calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared), and percentage of body fat, although no categorization is universally accepted. The cause is multifactorial, with genetic, environmental, socioeconomic, and behavioral or psychological influences.

Health conditions caused or exacerbated by obesity include hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), sleep apnea and obesity hypoventilation, back and joint problems, cardiovascular disease, pseudotumor cerebri, thromboembolic disease, and others. Malignancies occur with increased incidence in persons who are obese and include breast, endometrial, and colonic neoplasms. Numerous recent studies, increasingly reported in the lay press, emphasize the increasing incidence of obesity in the United States, with concomitant increases in the related morbidity and mortality. An estimated 64.5% of American adults (>120 million people) are overweight or obese, an increase from 45% in 1960.¹ The incidence of juvenile obesity has doubled . . . [Full Text of this Article]

DEFINITION OF OBESITY

PREVALENCE

HEALTH EFFECTS OR COMORBIDITIES

Diabetes Mellitus

Hypertension

EARLY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF OBESITY

Jejunoileal Bypass

Modern Malabsorptive Procedures

Gastric Restrictive Procedures

SUMMARY

From the Department of Surgery, Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Surgical Endoscopy, The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.

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