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Indications for Bilateral Modified Radical Neck Dissection in Patients With Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroid
Akira Ohshima, MD, PhD;
Hiroyuki Yamashita, MD, PhD;
Shiro Noguchi, MD, PhD;
Shinya Uchino, MD, PhD;
Shin Watanabe, MD;
Masakatsu Toda, MD, PhD;
Eisuke Koike, MD;
Keisuke Takatu, MD;
Hiroto Yamashita, MD, PhD
Arch Surg. 2000;135:1194-1198.
ABSTRACT
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Hypotheses After subtotal thyroidectomy with modified radical neck dissection of the affected side, nodal recurrence at the contralateral cervical side indicates a poor prognosis for patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Bilateral modified radical neck dissection is beneficial for patients at high risk for contralateral nodal recurrence.
Design and Setting Retrospective study of patients with papillary cancer who were treated surgically from January 1, 1970, through December 31, 1995, at the Noguchi Thyroid Clinic and Hospital Foundation, Beppu, Japan.
Patients Patients (N = 1776) had primary tumors greater than 10 mm in maximum diameter and underwent thyroidectomy and ipsilateral modified radical neck dissection with curative intent.
Results Thirty-two patients (1.8%) developed contralateral lymph node metastases during the mean follow-up period of 12.1 years. The risk factors for contralateral nodal recurrence were male sex, large primary tumor, tumor extension over the isthmus, extracapsular adhesion or invasion to surrounding tissues, and the presence of gross nodal metastasis at initial surgery. These patients had a greater number of distant metastases (31.1% vs 0.7%; P<.001) and a lower 10-year survival rate (83.7% vs 99.3%; P<.001) than patients without nodal recurrence.
Conclusion Bilateral modified radical neck dissection should be considered for patients with papillary carcinoma who show risk factors for contralateral nodal recurrence, as it could prevent a second operation and may improve their outcome.
INTRODUCTION
PAPILLARY THYROID cancer is generally associated with low morbidity and mortality rates; the disease-specific survival rate at 10 years is approximately 90%.1 Despite the overall excellent prognosis, some patients experience recurrent thyroid cancer and die of the disease. The likelihood of disease recurrence varies with several prognostic factors, including age at diagnosis, size of the primary tumor, extracapsular invasion, and the presence of distant metastasis.2-5 However, the effect of lymph node metastasis on survival is controversial.1, 6-10 In the early 1970s, our group11 noted a high incidence of nodal metastases in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Noguchi et al1, 12-13 reported lymph node metastasis to be a significant prognostic risk factor and that modified radical neck dissection (MRND) improved the survival of patients with papillary thyroid cancer.
Our standard surgical therapy has been subtotal thyroidectomy with MRND of the affected side; however, some patients have shown recurrence in the lymph nodes on the contralateral cervical side. For such patients, bilateral MRND might be considered at the initial surgery, but there have been no reports regarding the appropriate indications for bilateral MRND in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. It is also unclear whether contralateral nodal recurrence affects prognosis.
To clarify the risk factors for contralateral nodal recurrence, we examined retrospectively patients with papillary thyroid cancer who had contralateral cervical lymph node recurrence after curative surgery. We also examined the influence of contralateral nodal recurrence on prognosis and report herein the indications for bilateral neck dissection.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
From January 1, 1970, through December 31, 1995, 4466 patients with papillary thyroid cancer were treated surgically at the Noguchi Thyroid Clinic and Hospital Foundation, Beppu, Japan. Of these 4466 patients, 2069 who had primary tumors greater than 10 mm in maximum diameter underwent surgery consisting at least of thyroid lobectomy and MRND of the affected side with curative intent. To exclude any effect of local recurrence from remnant tumor or of nodal recurrence on the dissected side toward contralateral nodal recurrence, the following patients were excluded from this study: 96 with local recurrence, 6 with nodal recurrence discovered within 6 months after the initial surgery, 82 with nodal recurrence on the ipsilateral side, 91 who underwent bilateral MRND, and 18 whose medical records were insufficient for analysis. Thus, 1776 patients comprised the present study and were divided into 2 groups: 1744 without nodal recurrence (group 1) and 32 with contralateral lymph node recurrence (group 2). We compared the clinical and pathological characteristics of these 2 groups. Staging of thyroid cancer was done according to TNM classification of the Union International Contra la Cancrum, but with a slight modification.14 Because TNM classification is based on preoperative physical and imaging findings, staging is affected by various imaging methods. We could not use this system directly to classify all patients treated during the past 25 years. Tumor size was measured based on histopathological specimens. Tumor extension beyond the thyroid capsule was considered positive when adhesion or invasion was found during surgery. Regional lymph node metastasis was considered positive when gross nodal metastasis was evident during surgery. Although the staging system used in this study was not the same as the original TNM staging, we believed that it was still possible to compare the survival rates of the 2 groups.
Information about patients still living was obtained by periodic correspondence with the patients, their family members, or referring physicians, or from municipal records. For deceased patients, the cause of death was confirmed by death certificate or by contact with family members or hospital personnel. The mean follow-up interval for patients last known to be alive was 12.1 years. Twenty-two patients died of thyroid cancer and 129 died of unrelated causes.
Cause-specific survival rates were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Risk factor analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model with commercially available statistical software (JMP, version 3.1R; SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC). Differences were considered significant at P<.05. Data are given as mean ± SD, unless otherwise indicated.
RESULTS
Total thyroidectomy was performed in 37 patients (2.1%), subtotal thyroidectomy in 979 (55.1%), and lobectomy with or without isthmectomy in 760 (42.8%). In all cases, MRND was performed on the ipsilateral side of the primary tumor. There were no significant differences in surgical procedures between groups 1 and 2 (Table 1).
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Table 1. Procedures During the Initial Surgery*
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Patients in group 2 had contralateral lymph node recurrence 5.0 ± 4.0 years (range, 0.7-17.8 years, Figure 1) after the initial surgery. The mean number of metastatic nodes was 3.6 ± 3.1 (range, 1-12). All nodal recurrences were found by palpation, except for 2 recurrences detected by ultrasonographic examination. All but 3 patients with lymph node recurrence were treated successfully with a second surgery. Of these 3 patients, 2 had tumors that were inoperable because of massive invasion to surrounding organs and 1 had multiple lung metastases.
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Figure 1. Disease-free survival rates in group 2 after initial surgery.
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Table 2 shows the number and percentage of patients in each age group according to the group. The youngest patients (<20 years) tended to have more contralateral nodal recurrences, but the difference was not significant.
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Table 2. Age Breakdowns by Group*
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Table 3 shows univariate analysis of risk factors for contralateral nodal recurrence. There were more male patients in group 2 than in group 1; however, age at the time of the initial surgery was similar between the 2 groups. Maximum diameter of the primary tumor, extrathyroidal adhesion or invasion, and tumor extension to the isthmus were all significant risk factors for nodal recurrence in group 2. Patients in group 2 were also found to have more occurrences of gross nodal metastasis and a greater number of histopathologically proved lymph node metastases.
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Table 3. Results of Univariate Analysis Between Groups
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Survival rates and the number of patients in each group according to cancer stage are shown in Table 4. No patients were classified with T1 or M1 because of the patient selection for this study. The survival rate in group 2 was significantly lower than that in group 1, irrespective of cancer stage (Table 4, Figure 2 and Figure 3). Although age is one of the important risk factors affecting prognosis, there were no significant differences among age groups in group 1 (data not shown). In group 2, older patients had a worse survival rate than did younger patients (Figure 4).
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Table 4. Cancer Stage and Survival Rates*
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Figure 2. Disease-specific survival rate for stage I in each group. Group 2 patients showed a poorer prognosis than did group 1 patients (P<.001, log-rank and Wilcoxon rank sum tests).
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Figure 3. Disease-specific survival rate for stage III in each group. Group 2 patients showed a poorer prognosis than did group 1 patients (P<.001, log-rank and Wilcoxon rank sum tests).
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Figure 4. Disease-specific survival rate of each age group in group 2. Older patients had a worse survival rate than did younger patients, but the difference was not significant (P= .32, log-rank test; P= .39, Wilcoxon rank sum test).
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Patients in group 2 developed distant metastasis more often than those in group 1, resulting in a higher cancer death rate (Table 5). In group 1, all 11 patients with distant metastases had lung metastases and 3 also had bone metastases. In group 2, all distant metastases were located in the lungs (10 patients). The length of time from initial treatment to diagnosis of distant metastasis was significantly longer in group 2 than in group 1 (9.1 vs 6.2 years, P = .04). Thirteen patients in group 1 died of cancer; 8 of the 13 died of distant metastasis. Nine patients in group 2 died of cancer; 6 of the 9 died of distant metastasis. Two group 2 patients died of anaplastic changes in the node with recurrence. The other 2 patients in group 2 had repeated recurrences and eventually died of nonresectable neck masses.
COMMENT
This is, to our knowledge, the first report clarifying risk factors in patients who develop contralateral cervical lymph node metastases after curative surgery and demonstrating a poor prognosis for these patients based on analysis of a large number of patients with papillary thyroid cancer.
We determined by univariate analysis that the significant risk factors for recurrence in the contralateral cervical lymph node are male sex, large primary tumor, tumor extension over the isthmus, extracapsular adhesion or invasion to surrounding tissues, and the presence of gross and many lymph node metastases at initial surgery. Generally, men with papillary carcinoma have a poorer prognosis than women.2, 13, 15-17 That men tend to have nodal recurrence may be a reason for their poorer prognosis.
Large tumor is also a risk for nodal recurrence and affects prognosis in patients with papillary carcinoma.3, 6-7,17-18 Although a tumor diameter of 20 mm is not large, primary tumors more than 20 mm showed a high risk ratio in our study. The location of the primary tumor is also a significant risk factor for nodal recurrence. Tumors arising in the isthmus frequently cause bilateral cervical metastases.19 We found that tumor extension into the isthmus increased nodal recurrence on the contralateral side. Carcangiu et al20 showed that multicentricity is associated with an increased incidence of nodal and pulmonary metastases. In the present study, intraglandular dissemination was not a risk factor for nodal recurrence. Size of the cancer may be important for nodal metastasis to the lateral cervical area. Carcinomas less than 10 mm often show nodal metastases to the paratracheal area but rarely to the jugular nodes.21-22 The intraglandular dissemination may typically be too small to spread to the contralateral side.
Extrathyroidal invasion increases nodal recurrence after surgery and affects the survival of patients with papillary carcinoma.1, 12-13,16, 23 We considered extrathyroidal invasion and adhesion as a single risk factor because it was sometimes impossible to distinguish invasion from adhesion during surgery.
Gross nodal metastasis is a significant risk factor for postoperative nodal recurrence.16, 23 Many metastatic nodes on the ipsilateral side might lead to recurrence on the contralateral node, since lymph node metastases occur successively as follows: paratracheally, ipsilaterally, then contralaterally.11, 24-25
In this study, we found a poor prognosis for patients with papillary thyroid cancer who developed contralateral nodal recurrence when compared with patients without nodal recurrence, irrespective of cancer stage. There has been controversy about whether lymph node recurrence affects the survival of patients with papillary thyroid cancer; some authors report no relation between nodal recurrence and prognosis.6-8 Discrepancies between their conclusions and ours can be explained by the selection of patients, surgical procedures, postoperative adjuvant therapy, and follow-up regimen. Their data include a variety of patients who developed nodal recurrence after surgery with or without lymph node dissection; therefore, it is difficult to evaluate accurately the effect of nodal recurrence on their prognoses. It is important to select an adequate number of patients treated with the same surgical procedure. We did not treat patients with radioiodine after curative surgery. In many institutions, radioiodine therapy has been used to treat selected patients after total thyroidectomy, regardless of whether neck dissection was performed. In such circumstances, small metastatic lymph nodes may be eradicated by radioiodine. Finally, a large number of patients and long follow-up periods (>10 years) are necessary to draw significant conclusions, because most patients with papillary thyroid cancer have a good prognosis irrespective of therapy.
A major cause of death among patients with papillary thyroid cancer was distant metastasis, especially lung metastasis. There is some evidence that lymph node metastasis might cause distant metastasis. McHenry et al9 showed cervical node metastasis to be associated with recurrence and distant metastasis. Yamashita et al10 recently reported that the presence of extranodal invasion in patients with thyroid carcinoma is an indicator of distant metastasis and poor prognosis. We have reported that MRND improves the prognosis for patients with papillary thyroid cancer, especially those with gross nodal metastasis, primary tumor invasion beyond the thyroid capsule, and age greater than 60 years.1, 12-13 Modified radical neck dissection might prevent distant metastasis from nodal metastasis. In our study, the period between initial surgery and the discovery of distant metastasis was longer in patients with nodal recurrence than it was in patients without it. It is possible that in some patients with nodal recurrence, the distant metastasis arose from the nodal recurrence. In the patients with other cancer, Anderson and Dische26 showed that persistent cancer increases the risk of distant metastasis to other organs. Therefore, it is possible that bilateral MRND not only reduces the need for secondary surgery for contralateral nodal recurrence but also improves the prognosis for selected patients.
In general, younger patients with papillary thyroid cancer have better prognoses than older patients, despite more frequent lymph node metastases.13, 16, 23, 27 This was confirmed by our study, suggesting that bilateral MRND (prophylactic for the contralateral side) could prevent a second surgery for nodal recurrence but that it may not affect prognosis in young patients. In contrast, the survival of older patients decreased when they had contralateral nodal recurrence. Older patients with risk factors for contralateral nodal recurrence are the best candidates for bilateral MRND.
In conclusion, the risk factors for contralateral nodal recurrence are male sex, large primary tumor, tumor extension over the isthmus, extracapsular adhesion or invasion to surrounding tissues, and the presence of gross nodal metastasis at the time of the initial surgery. Contralateral nodal recurrence indicates distant metastases and poor prognoses in patients who receive curative surgery with ipsilateral MRND. Bilateral MRND (prophylactic for the contralateral side) may be recommended for such patients.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding author and reprints: Akira Ohshima, MD, PhD, Noguchi Thyroid Clinic and Hospital Foundation, 6-33 Noguchi-Nakamachi, Beppu, Oita, 874-0932, Japan (e-mail: admin{at}noguchi-med.or.jp).
From the Noguchi Thyroid Clinic and Hospital Foundation, Beppu, Japan.
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