 |
|
Risk Factors for Postoperative Hypocalcemia After Surgery for Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Johan Westerdahl, PhD;
Pia Lindblom, MD;
Stig Valdemarsson, PhD;
Sten Tibblin, PhD;
Anders Bergenfelz, PhD
Arch Surg. 2000;135:142-147.
ABSTRACT
| |
Hypothesis A variety of clinical and biochemical variables may be associated with hypocalcemia after surgery for parathyroid adenoma.
Design A prospective study of patients who underwent surgery for solitary parathyroid adenoma.
Setting A university hospital department of surgery.
Patients Eighty-six consecutive patients who underwent surgery for solitary parathyroid adenoma.
Intervention Parathyroidectomy according to the principles of unilateral neck exploration.
Main Outcome Measures Clinical and biochemical risk factors for early ( 4 days after surgery) and late (1 year after surgery) postoperative symptomatic and biochemical hypocalcemia.
Results Twenty-two patients developed early symptomatic hypocalcemia. The difference in total serum calcium levels between patients, with and without early symptomatic hypocalcemia, was evident on the third and fourth postoperative days. Serum level of osteocalcin greater than 6.0 µg/L, bilateral neck exploration, and history of cardiovascular disease were risk factors for symptomatic hypocalcemia (odds ratios [95% confidence intervals]: 4.4 [1.4-14.1], 3.8 [1.3-11.6], and 0.1 [0.02-0.60], respectively). Patients with up to 1 risk factor had a possibility of only 7% to develop early symptomatic hypocalcemia. One year after surgery, 16 patients had low levels of total serum calcium (late biochemical hypocalcemia) and were asymptomatic. Preoperative intermittent hypercalcemia was associated with an increased risk for late biochemical hypocalcemia (odds ratio, 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-16.3).
Conclusions Clinical and biochemical risk factors for early and late postoperative hypocalcemia in patients who underwent surgery for solitary parathyroid adenoma were found. A clinically useful prognostic index for early symptomatic hypocalcemia was constructed using these risk factors.
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is a common disease, especially in the elderly, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease.1 Surgery is the only beneficial treatment for patients with pHPT. A high proportion of patients undergoing operative treatment for pHPT are older and have cardiovascular disease, making them high-risk patients for surgery. Therefore, operative complications must be kept to a minimum to allow early ambulation of these patients.
Symptomatic hypocalcemia has long been recognized as a source of significant morbidity after surgery for pHPT. It also plays an important role in delaying hospital discharge. In a Scandinavian survey2 that included more than 600 operations, hypocalcemia occurred after surgery in 15% of patients. In response to the high rate of hypocalcemia, the surgical strategy of unilateral parathyroidectomy for solitary parathyroid adenoma in pHPT was adopted in the Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden, in 1977. The basic principle for the unilateral approach is to restrict neck exploration to the side with the solitary parathyroid adenoma, thereby minimizing the risk of postoperative surgical hypoparathyroidism. In a 5-year follow-up study3 of patients who underwent unilateral exploration, none had postoperative total calcium levels below 2.00 mmol/L (8.0 mg/dL). Furthermore, in a multicenter study,4 normocalcemia was observed in 96% and hypocalcemia in only 2% of patients who underwent unilateral exploration after an average of 8.7 years. Similar results were published recently by Worsey et al.5
Although surgical damage to healthy parathyroid glands is probably of major importance,2, 6 the cause of hypocalcemia after surgery for pHPT is likely to be multifactorial.
In the present study, we analyzed clinical and biochemical risk factors for early and late postoperative symptomatic and biochemical hypocalcemia in patients who underwent surgery according to the principles of unilateral neck exploration for solitary parathyroid adenoma.7 We also investigated whether a prognostic index based on preoperative data could be constructed to differentiate between patients with higher and lower risk for early and late hypocalcemia.
PATIENTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS
PATIENTS
The study included 86 patients (22 men and 64 women) with the clinical and biochemical diagnosis of pHPT who subsequently underwent surgery for solitary parathyroid adenoma at the Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital. None of the included patients had had previous neck surgery. Mean ± SD age of patients was 64 ± 13 years, and mean ± SD serum level of calcium was 2.77 ± 0.22 mmol/L (11.1 ± 0.9 mg/dL). Median weight of the excised parathyroid adenomas was 0.70 g (range, 0.10-10.10 g). Ten patients had slightly increased serum levels of creatinine before surgery.
SURGERY
All patients underwent surgery according to the principles of unilateral neck exploration7 by 3 surgeons with experience in endocrine surgery. Briefly, if the adenoma is found on the side explored first, it is excised along with the ipsilateral parathyroid gland. If the adenoma is not found on the side explored first, or if the results of frozen section or intraoperative plasma levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) are inconclusive (see the next paragraph), comprehensive bilateral exploration is performed. In the present cohort, 52 patients underwent unilateral exploration and 34 underwent bilateral exploration. The skewed distribution of numbers between the 2 groups is due to a variety of localization procedures that were investigated during the study.
ADENOMA DIAGNOSIS
The diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma was made by the finding of an enlarged gland with histological features of adenoma (ie, a rim of healthy parathyroid tissue, chief cells with nuclear pleomorphism, and decreased cytoplasmic fat content) and signs of suppression in a normal-sized gland (chief cells with increased cytoplasmic fat content).8 The decline in the serum level of intact PTH was also determined during surgery when feasible (n = 74). In all but 3 patients, the decline 15 minutes after parathyroid gland excision was 60% or more below baseline, highly suggestive of solitary parathyroid adenoma,9-10 with a mean ± SD PTH concentration decline of 84% ± 10%. In 3 patients, PTH concentration declined by 40%, 54%, and 55%, suggesting that these patients did not have a solitary adenoma. However, these patients had a histological diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma, and their serum levels of calcium were normalized 1 year after surgery (2.31 [9.2], 2.23 [8.9], and 2.21 mmol/L [8.8 mg/dL], respectively).
BONE DENSITOMETRY
Bone density was evaluated using single photon absorption.11
BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSES
All blood samples were collected after an overnight fast by patients. Preoperative data were obtained from blood samples collected the day before surgery. Serum levels of intact PTH were measured using the N-tact PTH-assay (Incstar, Stillwater, Minn). The sensitivity of this assay is 0.1 pmol/L.
Serum concentrations of osteocalcin (bone Gla protein) were measured with a commercially available kit (Osteocalcin125/RIA kit; Incstar). Levels of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Levels of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D were assessed using a radioreceptor assay (Incstar). Serum ionized calcium concentrations were analyzed using an ion-selective electrode (Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark).
Calcium, albumin, total alkaline phosphatase, serum urea nitrogen, and creatinine were assayed in a routine autoanalyzer (Ektachem 700XR-C; Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester, NY).
CLINICAL VARIABLES
The medical histories of all patients were recorded before surgery and included symptoms and signs, medications taken, and ongoing and previous diseases (Table 1).
|
|
|
|
Table 1. Medical History, Symptoms, and Medication Use of Patients Who Underwent Surgery for Solitary Parathyroid Adenoma With or Without Early (4 Days After Surgery) Symptomatic Hypocalcemia*
|
|
|
Symptomatic hypocalcemia included any of the following clinical manifestations: circumoral tingling and numbness, tingling in the hands or feet, muscle cramps, Chvostek or Trousseau signs, or the need to take cholecalciferol analogues or oral calcium carbonate supplements to avoid these symptoms. Biochemical hypocalcemia denotes patients with serum levels of total calcium below the reference range.
The diagnosis of pHPT was based on the presence of hypercalcemia and an inappropriately increased serum concentration of PTH (>5.0 pmol/L). Patients referred to as being preoperatively normocalcemic turned out to have total calcium levels within the reference range the day before surgery. These patients were therefore classified as having intermittent hypercalcemia.
Cardiovascular disease was based on the history of myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure, arrhythmia, stroke, and vascular disease, including thrombosis, embolus, and generalized atherosclerosis.
STATISTICS
Results are expressed as mean ± SD unless stated otherwise. For statistical evaluation of differences between groups, the Mann-Whitney test was used. For categorical data, statistical significance was analyzed using the  2 test and the Fisher exact test when expected frequencies were less than 5. In the multivariate analysis, stepwise logistic regression was used. The final model included independent variables that had initially showed a univariate association with the dependent variable. Furthermore, a prognostic index was constructed using the number of risk factors that were generated from multivariate analysis. P<.05 was considered significant, and 95% confidence intervals were used. Occasional missing values for some variables caused a slight variation in the number of patients used for each analysis.
RESULTS
In the early postoperative period (4 days after surgery), 22 patients developed symptomatic hypocalcemia with lower nadir of serum calcium levels than asymptomatic patients (1.96 ± 0.18 and 2.10 ± 0.14 mmol/L [7.8 ± 0.7 and 8.4 ± 0.6 mg/dL], respectively) (P<.01). The 2 groups differed in their serum levels of calcium on the third and fourth postoperative days (Figure 1). Symptoms were mostly mild, and most patients required only oral calcium substitution. However, 2 patients required cholecalciferol therapy.
|
|
|
|
Figure 1. Postoperative serum levels of calcium in patients with and without symptomatic hypocalcemia. Asterisk indicates P<.01; dagger, P<.001 between the 2 groups. Error bars indicate SD. To convert calcium from millimoles per liter to milligrams per deciliter, divide millimoles per liter by 0.25.
|
|
|
Patients with symptomatic hypocalcemia had higher serum levels of osteocalcin and phosphate before surgery, and underwent bilateral exploration more often than did patients without symptomatic hypocalcemia (Table 2). Moreover, a history of cardiovascular disease was less common among symptomatic patients (Table 1).
|
|
|
|
Table 2. Clinical and Biochemical Data on Patients Who Underwent Surgery for Solitary Parathyroid Adenoma With and Without Early (4 Days After Surgery) Symptomatic Hypocalcemia*
|
|
|
As a group, patients who underwent bilateral neck exploration had lower nadir of total serum calcium levels (2.01 ± 0.17 mmol/L [8.0 ± 0.7 mg/dL]) compared with those who underwent unilateral exploration (2.10 ± 0.14 mmol/L [8.4 ± 0.6 mg/dL]) (P<.02). Furthermore, the former had lower levels of total serum calcium on the third and fourth postoperative days (Figure 2).
|
|
|
|
Figure 2. Comparison of postoperative serum levels of calcium in patients who underwent bilateral vs unilateral surgical exploration. Asterisk indicates P<.04; dagger, P<.001 between the 2 groups. Error bars indicate SD. To convert calcium from millimoles per liter to milligrams per deciliter, divide millimoles per liter by 0.25.
|
|
|
Serum concentrations of osteocalcin and phosphate, history of cardiovascular disease, and type of surgical neck exploration were included in a stepwise logistic regression analysis, and osteocalcin level, history of cardiovascular disease, and type of neck exploration were independent risk factors for the development of early symptomatic hypocalcemia (Table 3). Furthermore, a prognostic index was constructed (Table 4). None of the patients without any risk factors (index 0) and only 3 (7%) of 44 with up to 1 risk factor (indices 0 and 1) developed early symptomatic hypocalcemia.
|
|
|
|
Table 3. Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for Developing Early (4 Days After Surgery) Symptomatic Hypocalcemia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 4. Prognostic Index
|
|
|
Patients with early symptomatic hypocalcemia had lower serum levels of calcium 8 weeks after surgery compared with asymptomatic patients (2.25 ± 0.11 vs 2.32 ± 0.11 mmol/L [9.0 ± 0.4 vs 9.3 ± 0.4 mg/dL]) (P<.02). One year after surgery, there were no differences in serum levels of calcium between the 2 groups (2.25 ± 0.15 vs 2.28 ± 0.10 mmol/L [9.0 ± 0.6 vs 9.1 ± 0.4 mg/dL]) (P = .17). Patients who underwent bilateral vs unilateral exploration did not differ with regard to total serum calcium level 8 weeks after surgery (2.31 ± 0.11 vs 2.29 ± 0.12 mmol/L [9.2 ± 0.4 vs 9.1 ± 0.5 mg/dL]) (P = .61) or 1 year after surgery (2.28 ± 0.14 vs 2.27 ± 0.10 mmol/L [9.1 ± 0.6 vs 9.1 ± 0.4 mg/dL]) (P = .53).
Six patients were unavailable for 1-year follow-up: 5 had died and 1 had moved abroad. Level of total calcium for the remaining patients (n = 80) was 2.27 ± 0.11 mmol/L (9.1 ± 0.4 mg/dL). Sixteen patients had low levels of total serum calcium (late biochemical hypocalcemia), only 1 of whom (with bilateral neck exploration) had low levels of ionized calcium. However, all 16 patients were asymptomatic, and no patient received treatment with cholecalciferol analogues.
The same variables used in the univariate analyses of early symptomatic hypocalcemia (Table 1 and Table 2) were included in analyses of late biochemical hypocalcemia (nonsignificant data not shown). Patients with low serum levels of total calcium at 1-year follow-up (n = 16) had preoperatively lower serum levels of total calcium, higher urinary calcium levels, and lower serum levels of triglycerides compared with patients with normal serum concentrations of total calcium 1 year after surgery (Table 5). A higher proportion of these patients were normocalcemic before surgery, ie, they had intermittent hypercalcemia. They also had smaller adenomas.
|
|
|
|
Table 5. Clinical and Biochemical Data on Patients Who Underwent Surgery for Solitary Parathyroid Adenoma With and Without Biochemical Hypocalcemia 1 Year After Surgery*
|
|
|
When all variables with a univariate association with late biochemical hypocalcemia were included in a stepwise multiple regression analysis, preoperative normocalcemia was the only variable that was significantly associated with late biochemical hypocalcemia (odds ratio, 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-16.3).
Analyses using albumin-corrected calcium instead of total serum calcium levels gave essentially the same results (data not shown).
COMMENT
In the present investigation, early symptomatic hypocalcemia (4 days after surgery) was found in 22 (26%) of 86 patients who underwent surgery for solitary parathyroid adenoma using the unilateral approach.7 Except in 2 patients who were treated with cholecalciferol analogues, the symptoms were mostly mild.
High serum levels of osteocalcin and bilateral neck exploration were associated with increased risk of early symptomatic hypocalcemia. Thus, high bone turnover and surgical trauma might be important mechanisms for generating hypocalcemic symptoms.
On the other hand, a history of cardiovascular disease was related to a decreased risk of early symptomatic hypocalcemia. This finding is of great clinical interest because it indicates that these otherwise high-risk patients are not prone to develop hypocalcemia after surgery for pHPT. Our data did not provide any explanation for this association, even after further analyses on the relation between cardiovascular disease and the other clinical and biochemical variables (data not shown). However, our data on cardiovascular disease were based on a history of myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure, arrhythmia, stroke, and vascular disease, including thrombosis, embolus, and generalized atherosclerosis, and therefore provided us with relatively inexact information on cardiovascular disease. This might have, to some degree, introduced nondifferential misclassification of cardiovascular disease, but the effect of this error would rather lead to an underestimation of a true relationship. We do not believe that the data on cardiovascular disease differ between patients with and without early symptomatic hypocalcemia because the medical history was recorded before the operation. Whether this finding is due to chance, because of the multiple testing in our study, or represents a true finding needs to be further investigated.
The difference in total calcium levels between patients, with and without early symptomatic hypocalcemia, was evident on the third and fourth postoperative days. If patients are discharged early from the hospital, they should be informed that hypocalcemic symptoms could appear after a few days, even if the initial course was uneventful. Furthermore, using the suggested prognostic index, it is possible to select patients with minimal risk of postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia and who are then, in this sense, suited for early ambulation. This is of major importance in times of increasing awareness of cost-containment because early hospital discharge will reduce the total cost of treatment. In the present study, the group with a prognostic index of 0 or 1, ie, a patient without any or with only 1 risk factor, constituted nearly half of the total group of patients. In this group, less than 10% had postoperative hypocalcemia.
Today, many patients with pHPT have mild or only intermittent hypercalcemia. Recently, the finding of incidental parathyroid adenomas during thyroid surgery12-13 and in patients with normocalcemic pHPT14 have been described. In our investigation, the patient with low serum levels of total calcium 1 year after surgery (late biochemical hypocalcemia) also had lower levels of total calcium before surgery. Preoperative normocalcemia was an independent risk factor for late biochemical hypocalcemia. Thus, patients with preoperatively intermittent hypercalcemia have an increased risk for postoperatively decreased serum levels of total calcium. Although only 1 of 16 patients with low serum levels of total calcium at 1-year follow-up also had low serum levels of ionized calcium, our findings suggest that expansion of the surgical indications should be cautioned.
Our study focused specifically on the risk of hypocalcemia after surgery for solitary parathyroid adenoma using the unilateral approach.7 It does not address the controversial issue of unilateral or bilateral neck exploration as a surgical principle.15 Bilateral neck exploration within the context of the unilateral strategy is not equivalent to bilateral neck exploration as practiced by many surgeons. Good results have been published7, 15 from centers using either approach. To determine whether there is a difference in postoperative hypocalcemia, a prospective randomized trial is in progress at the Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital.
We conclude that, in patients with pHPT and solitary parathyroid adenoma who underwent surgery using the unilateral approach, a high serum concentration of osteocalcin and bilateral neck exploration were risk factors for early symptomatic hypocalcemia. Patients with a history of cardiovascular disease had a decreased risk. The difference in total serum calcium levels between patients, with and without early symptomatic hypocalcemia, was evident on the third and fourth postoperative days. A clinically useful prognostic index for early symptomatic hypocalcemia was formulated, taking into account risk factors demonstrated to independently contribute to early postoperative hypocalcemia. Preoperative normocalcemia was significantly associated with increased risk of late biochemical hypocalcemia. Finally, none of our patients had late symptomatic hypocalcemia.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Reprints: Johan Westerdahl, PhD, Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden (e-mail: johan.westerdahl{at}kir.lu.se).
From the Departments of Surgery (Drs Westerdahl, Lindblom, Tibblin, and Bergenfelz) and Medicine (Dr Valdemarsson), Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
REFERENCES
| |
1. Hedbäck G, Tisell LE, Bengtsson BA, Hedman I, Oden A. Premature death in patients operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 1990;14:829-835.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
2. Johansson H, Granberg PO, Tibblin S, et al. Scandinavian study of the parathyroid surgical activity in 1975 [abstract]. Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1979;493:66.
3. Tibblin S, Bondeson A-G, Ljungberg O. Unilateral parathyroidectomy in hyperparathyroidism due to single adenoma. Ann Surg. 1982;195:245-252.
ISI
| PUBMED
4. Tibblin S, Bizard JP, Bondeson A-G, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism due to solitary adenoma: a comparative multicenter study of early and long-term results of different surgical regimens. Eur J Surg. 1991;157:511-515.
PUBMED
5. Worsey MJ, Carty SE, Watson CG. Success of unilateral neck exploration for sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 1993;114:1024-1030.
ISI
| PUBMED
6. Kaplan EL, Barlett S, Sugimoto J, Fredland A. Relation of postoperative hypocalcemia to operative techniques: deleterious effect of excessive use of parathyroid biopsy. Surgery. 1982;92:827-834.
ISI
| PUBMED
7. Tibblin S, Bergenfelz A. Surgical approach to primary hyperparathyroidism (unilateral approach). In: Clark OH, Duh Q-Y, eds. Textbook of Endocrine Surgery. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1997:365-371.
8. Grimelius L, Åkerström G, Bondeson L, et al. The role of the pathologist in diagnosis and surgical decision making in hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 1991;15:698-705.
PUBMED
9. Nussbaum SR, Thompson AR, Hutcheson KA, Gaz RD, Wang CA. Intraoperative measurement of parathyroid hormone in the surgical management of hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 1988;104:1121-1127.
ISI
| PUBMED
10. Bergenfelz A, Isaksson A, Ahrén B. Intraoperative monitoring of intact PTH during surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1994;379:50-53.
PUBMED
11. Lindergård B. Bone mineral content measured by photon absorptiometry: a methodological study carried out on normal individuals. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1981;59:1-37.
PUBMED
12. Hellman P, Öhrvall U, Rudberg C, et al. Incidence, structure and function of enlarged parathyroid glands discovered incidentally during thyroid surgery. Surgery. 1993;113:655-661.
PUBMED
13. Carnaille BM, Pattou FN, Oudar C, Leconte-Houcke MC, Rocha JE, Proye CA. Parathyroid incidentalomas in normocalcemic patients during thyroid surgery. World J Surg. 1996;20:830-834.
PUBMED
14. Lundgren E, Ridefelt R, Åkerström G, Ljunghall S, Rastad J. Parathyroid tissue in normocalcemic and hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism recruited by health screening. World J Surg. 1996;20:727-735.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
15. Duh Q-Y. Surgical approach to primary hyperparathyroidism (bilateral approach). In: Clark OH, Duh Q-Y, eds. Textbook of Endocrine Surgery. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1997:357-363.
RELATED ARTICLES
Invited Critique: Risk Factors for Postoperative Hypocalcemia After Surgery for Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Richard E. Burney
Arch Surg. 2000;135(2):147.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Archives of Surgery Reader's Choice: Continuing Medical Education
Arch Surg. 2000;135(2):241-242.
FULL TEXT
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Suliburk and Perrier
The Oncologist 2007;12:644-653.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Parathyroid Surgical Failures With Sufficient Decline of Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Levels: Unobserved Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia as an Explanation
Westerdahl and Bergenfelz
Arch Surg 2006;141:589-594.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Prospective Study of Perioperative Factors Predicting Hypocalcemia After Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
Chia et al.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;132:41-45.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
|
