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Predictive Factors of Mortality Due to Polymicrobial Peritonitis With Candida Isolation in Peritoneal Fluid in Critically Ill Patients
Hervé Dupont, MD;
Catherine Paugam-Burtz, MD;
Claudette Muller-Serieys, MD;
Lisiane Fierobe, MD;
Denis Chosidow, MD;
Jean-Pierre Marmuse, MD;
Jean Mantz, MD,PhD;
Jean-Marie Desmonts, MD
Arch Surg. 2002;137:1341-1346.
ABSTRACT
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Background Candida peritonitis (CP) is generally considered to be a severe disease, but its impact on outcome in critically ill patients remains unknown.
Hypothesis The predictive factors of mortality due to CP can be determined by study of a population of patients with CP.
Design A retrospective review of a prospective surgical intensive care unit (ICU) database of patients (January 1, 1994, through December 31, 2000).
Setting University hospital in Paris, France.
Patients Eighty-three patients with generalized CP.
Main Outcome Measures Demographic and microbiologic data and outcome were collected, and nonsurvivors were compared with survivors.
Results Overall ICU mortality due to CP was 43 (52%) of 83 patients. In a stepwise multivariate logistic regression, the following 4 variables were independently associated with mortality: APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II) score on admission of at least 17 (odds ratio [OR], 28.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.7-142.5; P<.001), respiratory failure on admission (OR, 10.6; 95% CI, 2.2-51.2; P = .003), upper gastrointestinal tract site of peritonitis (OR, 7.7; 95% CI, 1.7-34.7; P = .007), and results of direct examination of peritoneal fluid that were positive for Candida (OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.2-19.7; P = .002).
Conclusions These results confirm the severity of CP in ICU patients and emphasize the prognostic value of direct examination of peritoneal fluid for Candida in this context.
INTRODUCTION
FUNGAL ISOLATES in the intensive care unit (ICU) represent almost 17% of all nosocomial infections, but only half of these patients receive antifungal therapy in current practice.1 Mortality due to severe intra-abdominal infection remains as high as 40%, despite improvement in intensive care.2 Mortality related to candidemia has been clearly established,3 but the pathogenicity of yeasts in peritoneal fluid remains unclear.4 In 3 series performed on a limited number of patients, overall mortality due to yeast peritonitis was as high as 62% to 75%.2, 5-6 Practice guidelines for the treatment of candidiasis have also been recently published.7 In intra-abdominal infections, antifungal therapy has been recommended for peritoneal catheter dialysis infections, peritonitis related to intra-abdominal leakage of fecal material, and surgical repair and drainage.4, 7
Studies concerning yeast peritonitis have included only limited numbers of patients, and none of these studies compared patients with and without isolation of Candida from peritoneal fluid.5-6,8-11 These studies were only descriptive. Numerous predisposing factors for fungal infection have been reported, such as immunosuppression, alcohol consumption, diabetes, total parenteral nutrition, and previous antimicrobial therapy.5-6,8-11 In most studies of yeast peritonitis, half of the patients also had extra-abdominal yeast infection that appeared to be a possible confounding factor.8-10 Furthermore, in some studies, patients with infected pancreatitis were pooled with those with peritonitis, although these patient subpopulations were not always comparable.5-6 Therefore, predictive factors of mortality for patients with a diagnosis of yeast peritonitis have not yet been clearly established.
The aim of this study was to determine the predictive factors of mortality of polymicrobial peritonitis with Candida isolation in critically ill patients.
METHODS
SELECTION OF PATIENTS
We conducted a retrospective study of all adult patients with a diagnosis of peritonitis requiring admission to a surgical ICU from January 1, 1994, through December 31, 2000. All consecutive patients with a diagnosis of peritonitis were prospectively included in a database, and their medical charts were reviewed retrospectively. Peritonitis was diagnosed on the basis of macroscopic findings and positive culture of the peritoneal fluid collected during operation. The inclusion criterion for this study was a culture positive for Candida in peritoneal fluid obtained during surgery. The exclusion criteria consisted of acute infected pancreatitis, acute perforation due to trauma of less than 6 hours, and primary peritonitis, such as dialysis catheter infection and ascites infection. Patients who underwent several laparotomies were included only once, for the laparotomy before admission to the ICU.
MICROBIOLOGY AND ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
We performed direct examination of peritoneal fluid, including tests for the presence of Candida, for all patients. After drying and fixing a smear of the sample on a glass slide, we performed a gram stain and examined the slide by means of light microscopy (original magnification x1000). The entire slide was examined for bacilli, cocci, and Candida. Empirical antimicrobial therapy was begun intraoperatively and adapted as soon as possible according to identification and results of susceptibility testing ( 48 hours). The recommended protocol for community-acquired peritonitis was a combination of amoxicillin sodium and clavulanic acid potassium plus gentamicin sulfate or a combination of piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodium. No protocol was available for postoperative peritonitis, and the choice of treatment was left to the physician's discretion according to previous microbiologic results, when available. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method, and cutoff points were defined by the Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Committee of the Société Française de Microbiologie.12 The hospital Mycology Department performed Candida identification and susceptibility testing. Blood cultures for bacteremia or fungemia screening were collected at least 3 times a day for 48 hours perioperatively. A strain was considered to be multiresistant when it was resistant to at least 2 classes of antibiotics that were usually effective on the strain. Empirical antimicrobial therapy was considered inappropriate when it did not target at least 1 of the bacteria isolated, except for Candida.2 The coverage of yeast was not taken into account for the adequacy of empirical antimicrobial therapy. No protocol was available for the treatment of Candida, and treatment was left to the discretion of the physician in charge of the patient.
SURGERY
All patients underwent laparotomy performed by the same surgical team (including D.C. and J.P.M.). Briefly, after peritoneal fluid sampling for microbiology, abundant peritoneal lavage was performed with sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution (10-20 L). When possible, a stoma was performed rather than a primary anastomosis. None of the wounds was left open. Mesh was not used to close wounds, and the abdomen was never irrigated after surgery.
DATA COLLECTION
We reveiwed all patient medical charts. The following demographic data and severity scores were recorded on admission to the ICU: APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II) score,13 Simplified Acute Physiology Score version II (SAPS II),14 and organ system failure (OSF) score.15 The OSF score was defined as cardiovascular failure (ie, heart rate <54 beats/min, systolic blood pressure <60 mm Hg, ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, and/or arterial pH 7.27 with PaCO2 49 mm Hg); respiratory failure (ie, respiratory rate <5 or >49/min, PaCO2  50 mm Hg, and/or alveolar arterial oxygen delivery >350 mm Hg); renal failure (ie, oliguria <479 mL per day or <159 mL per 8 hours, serum urea nitrogen level >100.8 mg/dL [>36 mmol/L], and/or serum creatinine level >3.5 mg/dL [>310 µmol/L]); hematologic failure (ie, white blood cell count <1000 cells/µL, platelet count <20 000 cells/µL, and/or hematocrit level <20%); and neurologic failure (ie, Glasgow Coma Scale <6 without any sedation).15 Underlying diseases were classified according to the criteria of McCabe and Jackson.16 Patients were considered immunocompromized if they had received long-term treatment with corticosteroids, if they had cancer or hematologic disease, or if they had undergone previous anticancer radiotherapy or chemotherapy.13 The type (community-acquired or postoperative), etiology, and primary site (upper or lower gastrointestinal tract) of the infection responsible for peritonitis were recorded. The mesocolon was considered the barrier between the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts. Main laboratory characteristics and previous ongoing antimicrobial therapy were recorded. Antimicrobial therapy was considered to be ongoing when it had been prescribed 48 hours before the operation. Identification of pathogens in peritoneal fluid and blood cultures and results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests were recorded. Patient outcome was recorded as the number of and time to repeat laparotomies (when necessary), duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Results are expressed as mean ± SD or proportions. Nonsurvivors were compared with survivors. Univariate analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney and  2 tests with the Yates correction. Stepwise multiple logistic regression was performed (backward Wald model) by entering into the model the significant or relevant variables obtained from univariate analysis. The median value of the population was used as the cutoff for quantitative variables. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. P<.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
During the study period, 271 patients with peritonitis were admitted to the ICU. Their mean SAPS II was 45 ± 18. One hundred twenty patients (44%) died in the ICU. During the same period, the overall ICU mortality rate was 24%. Among the 271 patients, 83 with Candida peritonitis were included in the present study. Mortality among the 188 patients without Candida peritonitis was 41%. The mean SAPS II of patients with Candida peritonitis was 45 ± 16, and 43 patients died (52%; 95% CI, 41.3%-62.7%). In this study population, observed mortality was significantly higher than the mortality predicted by the SAPS II (34.8%).
The main patient characteristics on admission are summarized in Table 1. Compared with survivors, nonsurvivors were significantly older and had higher severity scores and a higher incidence of organ failure on admission. No difference in mortality was observed between community-acquired and postoperative peritonitis. The primary site and main causes of peritonitis are shown in Table 2. No difference was observed within groups. Microbiologic characteristics of peritoneal fluid are presented in Table 3. No difference in pathogens was observed between nonsurvivors and survivors. The main yeast isolated was Candida albicans (74%), followed by Candida glabrata (17%). No modification of sensitivity to fluconazole was observed for C albicans strains. The following miscellaneous strains (9%) were also isolated: Candida inconspicua, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida zeylanoides, and Geotrichum candidum. All the stains isolated were susceptible to fluconazole. Only 8 patients had a monomicrobial inoculum to Candida in the peritoneal fluid (7 with C albicans and 1 with C glabrata). The mean number of bacteria isolated with Candida was 2.6 ± 1.7, with no difference between nonsurvivors and survivors (P = .65). Twenty-two cases of bacteremia were observed in nonsurvivors compared with 12 in survivors (P = .06). However, 9 cases of candidemia (C albicans) were observed in 5 nonsurvivors compared with no cases in survivors (P = .04). Main patient characteristics after laparotomy for peritonitis and patient outcomes are shown in Table 4. Direct examination of peritoneal fluid yielded results that were positive for Candida and inappropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy occurred more frequently in nonsurvivors. This group more frequently required repeat laparotomy, and the duration of mechanical ventilation in the ICU was longer than in survivors. Antifungal treatment consisted of fluconazole for empirical treatment (28/31 [90%]) and definitive treatment (57/67 [85%]) in the same proportion in both groups. Conventional amphotericin B was used in the other cases. No difference was observed in the numbers of patients receiving empirical and definitive antifungal treatment between survivors and nonsurvivors.
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Table 1. Main Characteristics on Admission According to Outcome*
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Table 2. Site and Main Causes of Peritonitis According to Outcome*
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Table 3. Microbiologic Characteristics of Peritoneal Fluid According to Patient Outcome*
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Table 4. Main Patient Characteristics After Laparotomy According to Outcome*
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The following variables were entered in the multivariate analysis model: age of 64 years or older, APACHE II score of at least 17, SAPS II of at least 44, OSF score of at least 2, respiratory failure, cardiovascular failure, upper gastrointestinal tract origin of peritonitis, inappropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy, repeat laparotomy, and results of direct examination positive for Candida. The following 4 factors were found to be independently associated with death in Candida peritonitis (Table 5): APACHE II score of at least 17, respiratory failure, upper gastrointestinal tract origin of peritonitis, and results of direct examination of peritoneal fluid positive for Candida.
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Table 5. Independent Risk Factors Associated With ICU Mortality in Patients With Candida Peritonitis*
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Finally, comparison of the patients in whom a direct examination yielded positive findings for Candida and those with negative findings is summarized in Table 6. Patients with a positive finding for Candida had similar severity scores, but more frequently presented with an upper gastrointestinal tract origin of peritonitis and a higher rate of perioperative candidemia and more frequently required repeat laparotomy. A trend toward a higher number of bacterial isolates in the group with direct examination findings that were negative for Candida compared with the group with positive findings was observed (2.2 ± 1.8 vs 2.1 ± 1.6 bacterial isolates; P = .06).
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Table 6. Comparison of Patients According to the Results of Direct Examination of Peritoneal Fluid for Candida*
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COMMENT
This study was performed in a large number of critically ill patients with abdominal candidiasis. The main original finding is the following 4 factors that were found to be independently associated with mortality in patients with Candida peritonitis: APACHE II score of at least 17, respiratory failure on admission, upper gastrointestinal tract origin of peritonitis, and findings of a direct examination of peritoneal fluid that were positive for Candida.
The retrospective design of the study may have influenced our results, although the patients were consecutively included in a prospective ICU database. However, it has been recently suggested that the results of observational studies do not systematically overestimate the magnitude of the effects of treatment compared with those of randomized, controlled trials on the same topic.17 Basically, during the 5-year survey, the same surgical and ICU teams cared for the patients. However, the quantification of peritoneal lavage could not be performed in the design of this study. Mortality rates reported by previous studies focusing on fungal peritonitis ranged from to 25% to 70% according to the definitions of peritoneal infection.5-6,8-9,11 The mortality rate observed in the present study was consistent with that reported in those studies, as Candida isolation in peritoneal fluid was associated with an increased mortality in 100 patients with postoperative peritonitis (32%-61%).2 Furthermore, the mortality rate in tertiary peritonitis with most Candida isolates has been reported to be as high as 70%.18 In the present study, the lack of guidelines for initiating antifungal therapy may have biased the results on mortality rates in the 2 subpopulations if those patients who survived had been more frequently treated with fluconazole than nonsurvivors. This is very unlikely, as these rates did not differ between survivors and nonsurvivors. Furthermore, a higher proportion of patients received antifungal treatment than that recommended by recently published guidelines.7 An argument can be made for the low rate of amphotericin B use. However, none of the strains of yeast isolated was resistant to fluconazole in this study. The lack of a control group without antifungal treatment may be of importance to compare mortality rates in Candida peritonitis, but this comparison was not possible in this retrospective study because a high proportion of patients were treated. Finally, the technique used for direct examination should be discussed. None of the direct examination methods used for Candida detection has been standardized. As with all other direct stains, the sensitivity of detection is limited by the amount of material than can be reviewed on a slide, and, when only a small number of organisms are present, they may not be seen. However, this could explain a possible relationship between the magnitude of the inoculum and the rate of positive findings for Candida on direct examinations. All patients with candidemia died in this study, despite adequate antifungal treatment with fluconazole (all of the strains were C albicans). Amphotericin B was not used for treatment because no evidence has been found in the literature that amphotericin B is better than fluconazole for the treatment of candidemia.19-22
The APACHE II score, the strongest variable associated with mortality in yeast peritonitis, has been used and validated in large surgical cohorts, especially for intra-abdominal infections.2, 23-28 A cutoff score of greater than 15 has been proposed to differentiate patients with a high risk for mortality from those with a low risk.24 This value is similar to the cutoff of greater than 17 used in this study. Three studies focusing on predictive factors of mortality in peritonitis found the APACHE II score to be independently associated with mortality,2, 27, 29 but none of these studies specifically focused on yeast peritonitis. The SAPS II was not independently associated with mortality when compared with the APACHE II score in this study. This could be related to the lower power of the SAPS II to predict mortality in patients with intra-abdominal infections, as the SAPS II has been essentially validated in medical patients in the ICU.
Among the various forms of organ failure, only respiratory failure was independently associated with mortality in this study. It has been suggested that respiratory failure alone does not necessarily indicate a poor prognosis, as the effects of respiratory failure can be compensated by the use of mechanical ventilation.24 However, in the study by Koperna and Schulz,24 only 4 patients (4%) presented with respiratory failure compared with 28% in this study. A recent study has shown that respiratory failure was the main organ failure associated with mortality in peritonitis.30 Respiratory failure does not predispose to prolonged ICU and total hospital stays.30 Septic shock is usually reported to be the main predictor of mortality in critically ill patients with peritonitis.2, 25 We found a high rate of cardiovascular failure (69%) in both groups in our study, which could minimize differences in mortality rates. This high rate of septic shock has not been reported in other series focusing on yeast peritonitis, probably because of the particularly high severity scores of our patients in comparison with those of previous studies. More than an isolated organ failure, the combination of several organ failures has been correlated with mortality in peritonitis.24 Renal failure requiring dialysis is reported to be a major organ failure associated with mortality in peritonitis in general24 and yeast peritonitis in particular,11 but this correlation was not found in this study.
The upper gastrointestinal tract origin of peritonitis was the third factor independently associated with mortality in this study. This finding has been previously suggested in several studies, including cases of severe peritonitis,23, 25 but not in all studies.26-27 This factor could be explained by the large rate of postoperative peritonitis (64%) in our population. In these surgical settings, it is difficult to eradicate the source of sepsis in patients with leaking upper gastrointestinal tract anastomoses (similar to colonic resection and exteriorization), which may explain why their survival rate remains poor.25 The impact of upper gastrointestinal tract perforation on mortality in the population with Candida peritonitis has never been previously addressed. The study that included the greatest number of patients (n = 56) had the highest mortality rate (70%),11 which could explain why no difference in mortality was observed between the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract origins of peritonitis.
Positive findings for Candida in the direct examination of peritoneal fluid was the last independent predictive factor of mortality in this study. The difference between infection and colonization when Candida is present in the peritoneal fluid is still a subject of controversy.4, 7, 31 Quantification of Candida in the peritoneal fluid has been proposed as a tool to differentiate infection from colonization during peritonitis.6 In a prospective study of 49 patients, moderate and heavy growths of Candida in peritoneal fluid were more frequently observed in the infection group (53%), compared with low growth in the colonization group (13%). However, a major flaw of that study was the inclusion of 90% of patients with pancreatitis in the infection group vs only 10% in the colonization group, as Candida has been reported to be one of the major pathogens isolated from infected pancreatitis.32 Moreover, in the study by Calandra et al,6 Candida was cultured from an intraoperative specimen in only 57% of patients. Another approach to quantification of the inoculum is the presence of Candida on direct examination of peritoneal fluid.33 The presence of Candida on direct examination of peritoneal fluid may reflect the magnitude of the Candida inoculum, as we found that positive direct examination was independently associated with mortality. A limitation of direct examination could be the difficulty of identifying Candida. The difference in the rate of positive results found by trained microbiologists or mycologists compared with results of routine on-duty direct examination remains to be evaluated. Candidemia rates ranged from 0% to 32% during Candida intra-abdominal infections.5-6,8, 11 We found a 6% rate in our study, which was significantly associated with mortality on univariate analysis. Furthermore, 4 (80%) of 5 patients with candidemia had positive findings for Candida on a direct examination of peritoneal fluid. An upper gastrointestinal tract origin of peritonitis has been associated with yeast isolation in a few studies, particularly for the biliary tract, which was the leading origin of peritonitis in this study.34-35 These 2 studies emphasized the high rate of candidemia and mortality associated with biliary tract infection. These results are in accordance with our findings. Treated or perforated peptic ulcers have also been associated with yeast isolation rates of 9% to 75%.36-37 This rate could be related to modification of pH by antacid treatment of the ulcer.38 In the present study, patients with direct examination of peritoneal fluid positive for Candida also presented with the highestrate of repeat laparotomy. Similarly, the increased ICU mortality observed in the group with Candida-positive findings on direct examination could not be explained by differences in severity scores such as SAPS II or APACHE II score that were equivalent in the 2 groups in this study, as mortality predicted by the SAPS II did not differ from the mortality observed in the group of patients with negative findings on direct examination (33% vs 39%; 95% CI, 26%-52%), but it was significantly higher in the group with Candida-positive findings on direct examination (37% vs 73%; 95% CI, 57%-89%). These findings suggest the impact of the positive findings on the prognosis of Candida peritonitis.
CONCLUSIONS
The following 4 factors were independently associated with mortality due to Candida peritonitis: APACHE II score and respiratory failure, which indicate severity on admission to the ICU; upper gastrointestinal tract origin of peritonitis; and results of direct examination of peritoneal fluid that are positive for Candida. Although the pathogenicity of Candida was not investigated, our data suggest that the magnitude of the Candida inoculum is associated with mortality. This study raises the question concerning early antifungal treatment when direct examination of peritoneal fluid is positive vs delayed treatment when cultures are positive. This question needs to be validated in prospective controlled trials.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication July 6, 2002.
This study was presented at the 40th Interscience Conference for Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Toronto, Ontario, September 2000.
Corresponding author: Hervé Dupont, MD, Unité de Réanimation Chirurgicale, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75877 Paris CEDEX 18, France (e-mail: herve.dupont{at}bch.ap-hop-paris.fr).
From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit (Drs Dupont, Paugam-Burtz, Fierobe, Mantz, and Desmonts), Microbiology (Dr Muller-Serieys), and General Surgery (Drs Chosidow and Marmuse), University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France.
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