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Povidone-Iodine vs Sodium Hypochlorite Enema for Mechanical Preparation Before Elective Open Colonic or Rectal Resection With Primary Anastomosis
A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Alain Valverde, MD;
Simon Msika, MD;
Reza Kianmanesh, MD, PhD;
Jean-Marie Hay, MD;
Anne-Cécile Couchard, MD;
Yves Flamant, MD;
Abe Fingerhut, MD;
Pierre-Louis Fagniez, MD; for the French Associations for Surgical Research
Arch Surg. 2006;141:1168-1174.
ABSTRACT
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Hypothesis The anti-infective actions of povidone-iodine (PVI) and sodium hypochlorite enemas are different.
Design Prospective, randomized, single-blind study.
Setting Multicenter.
Patients Five hundred seventeen consecutive patients with colorectal carcinoma or sigmoid diverticular disease undergoing elective open colorectal resection, followed by primary anastomosis.
Intervention All patients received senna (1-2 packages diluted in a glass of water) at 6 PM the evening before surgery. Patients were administered two 2-L aqueous enemas of 5% PVI (n = 277) or 0.3% sodium hypochlorite (n = 240) at 9 PM the evening before surgery and at 3 hours before operation. Intravenous ceftriaxone sodium (1 g) and metronidazole (1 g) were administered at anesthetic induction.
Main Outcome Measure Rate of patients with 1 infective parietoabdominal complication or more.
Results The percentages of patients with 1 infective parietoabdominal complication or more did not differ between the 2 groups (13.7% in the PVI-treated group vs 15.0% in the sodium hypochlorite–treated group). Tolerance was better in the PVI-treated group than in the sodium hypochlorite–treated group (79.4% vs 67.9%), with fewer patients experiencing abdominal pain (13.0% vs 24.6%) or discontinuing their preparation (3.0% vs 9.0%) (P=.02 for all). There were more patients with malaise in the PVI-treated group than in the sodium hypochlorite–treated group (9.1% vs 4.9%, P<.05). Three patients in the sodium hypochlorite–treated group had necrotic ulcerative colitis.
Conclusion When antiseptic enemas are chosen for mechanical preparation before colorectal surgery, PVI should be preferred over sodium hypochlorite because of better tolerance and avoidance of necrotic ulcerative colitis.
INTRODUCTION
Simple mechanical colonic preparation with laxatives such as senna,1 polyethylene glycol,1 and sodium phosphate2 (with or without water or saline enemas3) improves colonic cleanliness.1, 4 However, a recent meta-analysis3 shows that such preparation does not decrease the rate of infective postoperative complications, most likely because oral administration does not decrease the concentration of germs in the lumen or within the colonic or rectal mucosa.5 The meta-analysis3 only looked at controlled studies comparing oral (essentially polyethylene glycol and sodium phosphates) preparation. Senna is more efficient and better tolerated than mannitol4 or laxatives (eg, polyethylene glycol1). To our knowledge, senna has not yet been compared with monosodium or bisodium phosphate. Two controlled clinical trials6-7 showed that mechanical colonic enema preparations containing antiseptic solutions such as povidone-iodine (PVI) are bacteriologically efficient5 and are clinically effective in reducing the number of patients with 1 or more infective complications. Sodium hypochlorite enema is also an active colonic and rectal antiseptic8-9 and has been proposed as mechanical preparation for colorectal surgery.9 A bacteriological study9 comparing PVI enemas with sodium hypochlorite enemas showed that sodium hypochlorite was superior against rectal flora (Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis), but we are aware of no clinical randomized trials to date comparing the 2 preparations. For these reasons, we conducted a prospective multicenter randomized trial to compare the rates of parietoabdominal infective complications and tolerance of PVI and sodium hypochlorite enemas before elective open colorectal surgery.
METHODS
PATIENTS, DISEASE, AND ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
From January 2, 1997, to January 2, 2002 (60 months), 549 consecutive patients (280 men and 269 women; mean ± SD age, 65 ± 12 years [age range, 29-92 years]) were eligible for the study. Although all 20 centers (2 university hospitals, 13 teaching hospitals, and 5 private clinics) participating in the study did not start at the same time, they all finished by January 2002; a median of 25 patients (range, 11-79 patients) was enrolled per center. Twenty-eight surgeons performed or supervised all operations. Patient eligibility included a minimal age of 18 years (no upper age limit) and an elective resection, followed by primary anastomosis performed for carcinoma of the colon or the proximal or middle rectum (whether with palliative or curative intent) or for postremission acute sigmoid diverticular disease.
The degree of stenosis was defined clinically as narrowing of the colonic lumen. After opening the resected intestinal specimen, this was quantified grossly by the surgeon as mild (reduction of colonic diameter by less than one third), moderate (reduction between one third and two thirds), or tight (reduction of more than two thirds), which usually corresponded to the impassibility of an adult colonoscope through the stenosis.
NONELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Patients were excluded if they were younger than 18 years; had specific or ulcerative colitis, benign tumor, or familial polyposis without carcinoma; did not undergo resection or underwent resection without immediate anastomosis (eg, Hartmann procedure, double-barreled colostomy, or abdominoperineal resection); or underwent emergency resection (for obstruction, hemorrhage, or peritonitis), reversal of the Hartmann procedure, or simple colostomy closure. Tight stenosis was not a reason for exclusion of the patient, nor was the presence of organ (heart, pulmonary, kidney, hepatic, or other) failure.
COLONIC AND RECTAL PREPARATION
At 6 PM the evening before surgery, all patients drank a senna solution (X-Prep; Viatris, Merignac, France, formerly Laboratoire Sarget) (a 5-g package [or 2 packages for obese patients] of flavored powder with 270 mg of senna diluted in a glass of water). Patients were then randomly allotted to administration of two 2-L enemas of aqueous solutions of 5% PVI or 0.3% sodium hypochlorite (Miltor; Rivadis Pharma, Thoars, France) at 9 PM the evening before surgery and at 3 hours before operation.9 Single-dose ceftriaxone sodium (1 g) during 2 to 4 minutes and metronidazole (1 g) diluted in 125 mL of isotonic sodium chloride solution infused for 15 minutes were administered to all patients intravenously at anesthetic induction.7 Patients with previously recognized allergies to any of these drugs or to iodine were excluded.
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
The type of skin preparation (disinfection and shaving) was left to the discretion of the surgeon. All patients underwent laparotomy. The following techniques were recommended to all surgeons participating in this study: midline incision, protection of the abdominal wound by textile or plastic towels, and mechanical or handsewn (single-layered extramucosal with 3-0 polyglactic acid or polyglactin) anastomoses. Ileocolonic, colocolonic, colorectal or ileorectal, and ileoanal or coloanal anastomoses were performed, with or without diverting stoma, omentoplasty, or abdominal drainage according to surgeon preference. The fascia was closed with caliber 1 polyglactic acid or polyglactin running sutures,10 and the skin was closed with nonresorbable sutures or staples.11
OUTCOME MEASURES
The main outcome measure was the rate of patients with 1 infective parietoabdominal complication or more occurring during the postoperative hospital stay and 30 days following hospital discharge.12 These included intra-abdominal abscess or generalized peritonitis, clinical or radiological anastomotic leakage, and fascial dehiscence or abdominal wound infection (defined as the presence of pus in the superficial or deep incisional surgical site). Routine diatrizoate sodium enema administration was recommended between days 8 and 10 to detect asymptomatic anastomotic leaks.
Subsidiary criteria included the following 4 outcome measures: (1) Rate of extra-abdominal complications (infective or not), defined as respiratory, heart, urinary tract, cerebral, or septic (including blood borne) complications. (2) Poor tolerance to the preparation as indicated by (a) distention, vomiting, malaise (including lipothymia), abdominal pain (irrespective of its type or intensity, whether measured by a visual analog scale or not), need to discontinue the preparation (during or after the first or second enema), or other disorders as evaluated by the nursing staff after randomization and before operation and (b) gross or histological alterations of the colonic wall as evaluated by the surgeon and the pathologist. (3) Mechanical effects of the preparation as judged by colonic cleanliness, intraoperative fecal soiling, and consistency of fecal matter. The degree of colonic and rectal cleanliness was judged by the operating surgeon in the proximal and distal intestinal segments and was defined13 as follows: 0, no fecal matter; 1+, small amounts of fecal matter not bothersome to the surgeon; and 2+, fecal matter bothersome to the surgeon. A 0 or 1+ in the proximal or distal segment was considered satisfactory, while a 2+ in 1 segment or both was considered unsatisfactory. The magnitude of intraoperative fecal soiling was subjectively classified by the surgeon as nil, minimal, moderate, or massive. Consistency of fecal matter (solid, soft, or fluid), even if not bothersome, was assessed in the proximal and distal segments through the end segments in the manual anastomosis or through the opening made in the intestine to introduce the mechanical stapling devices for side-to-end or end-to-end anastomosis or after confection of the purse string in circular mechanical anastomosis. In the double-stapling technique, the endoluminal contents were assessed when the anvil was inserted (or retrieved) through the anus. (4) The severity of complications was judged by the duration of hospitalization, the rate of overall postoperative mortality, and the rate of second operations (wound exploration, percutaneous drainage, or relaparotomy).
The surgeon, patient, and attending nurse who administered the preparation were aware of the allotted colonic preparation because of color differences, whereas the physician and nurses who cared for the patient after surgery were not. Almost all patients who died before hospital discharge underwent an autopsy. Patient characteristics and preoperative and intraoperative risk factors are listed in Table 1 and Table 2.
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Table 1. Preoperative Risk Factors*
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Table 2. Intraoperative Risk Factors
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RANDOM ALLOTMENT
On the evening before surgery, patients were allotted to one or the other colonic preparation in 2 separate strata of patients (ie, those with carcinoma and those with sigmoid diverticular disease) by the surgeon, who unfolded the previously stapled upper corner of a questionnaire14 under which PVI or sodium hypochlorite (as determined by random number tables) was written. Random assignment was balanced every 4 patients by center and by stratum.
NUMBER OF PATIENTS
According to 2-tailed explicative testing15 and based on an expected 10% improvement in the rate of infective abdominal complications from 15%1 to 5% (with  and  risks set to .05), the number of patients required was 219 per group (ie, 438 patients total). The validity of data was checked randomly (1 of 5 patients) by a control officer (surgical resident in applied sciences research). The ethical committee of the coordinating center approved the study, and informed consent was obtained from the patients.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Categorical values were compared using  2 test, and continuous variables were compared using t test. Nonparametric values were compared using Mann-Whitney test. The center effect was evaluated.
RESULTS
Thirty-two patients were withdrawn after random allotment (15 in the PVI-treated group [hereafter referred to as the PVI group] and 17 in the sodium hypochlorite–treated group [hereafter referred to as the sodium hypochlorite group]) because of absence of resection or anastomosis (n = 11), random allotment error (n = 9), lack of colonic preparation (n = 6), presence of inflammatory disease (n = 4), or refusal of operation (n = 2). Five hundred seventeen patients remained for final analysis, 277 in the PVI group and 240 in the sodium hypochlorite group. Both groups of patients were comparable for the degree of stenosis and preoperative and intraoperative risk factors (Table 1 and Table 2).
MAIN END POINT
The percentages of patients with 1 or more infective parietoabdominal complications did not differ significantly between the 2 groups (13.7% in the PVI group and 15.0% in the sodium hypochlorite group) (P .90) (Table 3); likewise, the rates of overall morbidity (14.8% vs 15.4%) and postdischarge complications (1.8% vs 1.7%) were almost identical (P.90). The anastomotic leakage rate was 9.7% in the PVI group and 7.9% in the sodium hypochlorite group (P.50).
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Table 3. Postoperative Outcomes*
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SUBSIDIARY END POINTS
Extra-abdominal Complications
The overall rate of patients with 1 or more extra-abdominal complication (isolated or associated) was 21.4% (Table 3), including 14.1% with infective complications and 7.3% with noninfective complications. No statistically significant differences were noted between the 2 groups overall or by complication.
Tolerance
There were significantly fewer patients (P<.01) with poor tolerance in the PVI group (20.6%) compared with the sodium hypochlorite group (32.1%) (Table 4). Fewer patients in the PVI group had abdominal pain (13.0% vs 24.6%, P=04). More patients in the PVI group sustained malaise (8.7% vs 3.8%, P<.02). Fewer patients had to discontinue their colonic preparation in the PVI group (5.1%) than in the sodium hypochlorite group (10.8%) (P<.01). When the stenosis was tight, fewer patients in the PVI group reported poor tolerance (13.6% vs 34.1%, P<.05); tight stenosis did not affect the rate of patients with infective complications (15.9% vs 12.2%, P = .40). Three patients in the sodium hypochlorite group (2 with sigmoid diverticular disease and 1 with cancer) had gross mucosal erosive lesions discovered during surgery (the intestinal mucosa was edematous with longitudinal superficial ulcerations). Microscopically, inflammatory infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa associated with mucosal necrotic areas was found (2 nonspecific and 1 pseudomembranous). These patients had primary anastomosis without a protective stoma, followed by an uneventful recovery.
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Table 4. Poor Tolerance and Results According to Degree of Stenosis
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Colorectal Cleanliness, Fecal Soiling, and Consistency of Matter
The groups were similar for colorectal cleanliness, fecal soiling, and consistency of matter. There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of satisfactory colonic and rectal cleanliness (75.8% in the PVI group vs 80.0% in the sodium hypochlorite group, P<.20), moderate to massive intraoperative fecal soiling (9.0% vs 13.8%, P<.10), and fluid consistency of fecal matter in at least 1 segment (39.4% vs 42.1%, P = .80) (Table 5).
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Table 5. Intraoperative Colorectal Cleanliness, Fecal Soiling, and Consistency of Fecal Matter
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Effect of Degree of Stenosis
Compared with patients with none or moderate stenosis, slightly fewer patients with tight stenosis had poor tolerance (20/85 [23.5%] vs 114/432 [26.4%], but not significantly so, P=.68). In the case of tight stenosis, PVI was better tolerated than sodium hypochlorite (38/4 [86.4%] vs 27/41 [65.9%], P=.02), with less abdominal pain and less discontinuation of preparation.
Severity of Complications
Mortality.
Fourteen (2.7%) of 517 patients died (Table 3). Six deaths were in the PVI group, including 2 each of pneumonia and heart-related disease and 1 each secondary to catheter septicemia and kidney failure. Eight deaths were in the sodium hypochlorite group, including 3 of pneumonia, 2 of heart-related complications, and 1 each of stroke, anastomotic leakage with generalized peritonitis, and postoperative pancreatitis.
Second Operations.
There were more patients undergoing 1 or more successive operations in the PVI group (n=24) than in the sodium hypochlorite group (n=14), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = .30) (Table 3). Twenty-nine procedures were performed in 24 patients in the PVI group, including splenectomy (n=1), wound exploration (n = 7), drainage of intra-abdominal abscess (n = 10), colostomy to treat anastomotic leakage (with or without abscess) (n = 5), and operations for generalized peritonitis with anastomotic leakage (n = 4), acute cholecystitis (n=1), and small-intestinal obstruction (n=1). Twenty-one procedures were performed in 14 patients in the sodium hypochlorite group, including wound exploration (n = 4), drainage of intra-abdominal abscess (n = 2), colostomy for anastomotic leakage (n = 2), operation for generalized peritonitis with anastomotic leakage (n = 2), unnecessary exploratory laparotomy (n=1), ablation of abdominal drain (n=1), redo anastomosis for anastomotic hemorrhage (n=1), and acute necrotizing pancreatitis (n=1).
Duration of Hospitalization.
The median duration of hospitalization did not differ statistically between the 2 groups (11 days in the PVI group vs 13 days in the sodium hypochlorite group, P = .02) (Table 3). No center effect was found concerning patient demographics or results.
COMMENT
Our study shows that PVI and sodium hypochlorite enemas had similar effects on the rate or severity of infective complications (Table 3) and on cleanliness of the colon, intraoperative fecal soiling, and consistency of fecal matter (Table 5). On the other hand, clinical (except for malaise) and anatomopathologic tolerance was better in the PVI group (Table 4).
COMPLICATION RATE
The percentages of patients with 1 or more immediate or 30-day parietoabdominal complications were almost the same in the 2 groups (15.5% in the PVI group and 16.7% in the sodium hypochlorite group) (Table 3). This is comparable to the 15.1% rate among patients receiving PVI who were similarly analyzed and classified in a previous study.1 The theoretical bacteriological advantages of sodium hypochlorite9 were unassociated with any clinical outcome benefits.
TOLERANCE
The percentage of patients with poor tolerance to enemas associated with oral senna varies in the literature and is lower (8%) with water enemas6 or saline enemas7 compared with PVI (15%-18%6 and 21%1). In the present series, 20.6% of the PVI group and 32.1% of the sodium hypochlorite group had poor tolerance, with the sodium hypochlorite enemas significantly less well tolerated than the PVI enemas (P = .004) (Table 4), notably related to abdominal pain. Because all the other variables (volume, administration schedule of enema, and associated oral senna preparation) were similar in the present study and in the previous studies,1, 6-7 the variability of tolerance to antiseptic enemas might be explained by differences in the chemical compositions of the antiseptic solutions.
Antiseptic enemas are associated with more malaise (8.7% in the PVI group and 3.8% in the sodium hypochlorite group, P<.04) (Table 4) than saline (0.8%)7 or water (1%)6 enemas, probably because of their chemical composition. The percentages in 2 preceding studies were 9%7 and 8.8%.1 Possible explanations include unrecognized iodine allergy (although patients known to be allergic should have been excluded), iodine-related toxic effects (although no mucosal lesions were found on the specimens), or (most probably) individual susceptibility to iodine. Whatever the reasons for poorer tolerance to antiseptic compared with water or saline enema, the need to discontinue the enemas was rare and occurred significantly less often (P<.01) in the PVI group (5.1%) than in the sodium hypochlorite group (10.8%) (Table 4). Vomiting, distention, and pain occurred and affected discontinuation of colonic preparation more often than malaise.
Three patients in the sodium hypochlorite group had gross and histologically proven colonic lesions that could potentially impair the performance or affect the outcome of the anastomosis. To our knowledge, this type of complication due to sodium hypochlorite enemas has not been reported in humans. Sodium hypochlorite is often used as an antiseptic in dental surgery and has been shown to produce occasional cytotoxic lesions on soft tissues in humans,16 but the concentrations used in dental surgery were higher (0.5%-5.25%),16 with the upper limit being more than 10 times greater16 than the concentrations used in the present study for enema (0.3%) or rectal washout.9 Sodium hypochlorite has 2 potential effects, a significant antiseptic effect by the release of chloride and a dissolving action on the organic soft tissue as a result of oxidation. This last action has been shown to induce inflammatory colitis in rats.17 The explanation most often cited for this aggressive effect in the odontology literature is individual susceptibility to sodium hypochlorite.16-17 Because these complications due to sodium hypochlorite occurred rarely (3/240 [1.3%] in our series), they may have been ignored and unreported in the initial literature on sodium hypochlorite enemas.9
COLONIC CLEANLINESS
In our study, complete or almost complete cleanliness judged to be satisfactory (Table 5) was obtained in 75.8% of patients in the PVI group and in 80.0% of patients in the sodium hypochlorite group. The rate of colonic cleanliness obtained in the PVI group was close to the 69.5% rate in a previous study1 on PVI enema and was superior to the 66% rate in another study4 on water enema. This probably attests to the increased colonic motility due to mucosal irritation, secondary to the antiseptic action, and eventually manifested by abdominal pain.
FECAL SOILING
Moderate to massive intraoperative fecal soiling occurred in 9.0% of patients in the PVI group and in 13.8% of patients in the sodium hypochlorite group (Table 5). This is consistent with the mean values found in the literature of 8.8% to 15.5% for PVI enemas1, 7 and 18.7% for saline enemas.7
CONSISTENCY OF FECAL MATTER
In the proximal and distal segments, the consistency of fecal matter was fluid in 24.9% of patients receiving PVI and in 27.9% of patients receiving sodium hypochlorite (Table 5). This is almost identical to the 25.5% rate found in a previous study1 using the same agents.
EFFECT OF DEGREE OF STENOSIS
Tight stenosis is associated with poor tolerance, discontinuation of preparations, diminished colonic cleanliness, and increased potential for intraoperative soiling.1 In the case of tight stenosis, tolerance was significantly better (P<.02) in the PVI group compared with the sodium hypochlorite group (86.4% vs 65.9%) (Table 4). Sodium hypochlorite is more aggressive than PVI; once the product has passed the stenosis, it may stagnate longer and manifest clinical aggressivity.
SEVERITY OF COMPLICATIONS
There were no statistically significant differences found in the severity of complications as evaluated by mortality, second operations, and duration of hospital stay. Our overall mortality (2.6%) was lower than that reported by Birkmeyer et al18 among specialized colorectal units (5.4%-7.4%), although their national study involved patients older than 65 years and included patients undergoing emergency and urgent surgery. In our series, only 1 patient died of anastomotic leakage, confirming that anastomotic leakage is no longer the principal cause of death in colorectal surgery.19 The percentage of patients undergoing second operations (7.2%) was similar to that in a previous study1 (6.7%); this rate was unaffected by the type of enema used (PVI vs sodium hypochlorite). Our median durations of hospital stay (11 days in the PVI group and 13 days in the sodium hypochlorite group) seem long, but hospital stay may reflect cultural and reimbursement systems rather than actual complication rates.20
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of our study and other studies1, 3-7 on colonic preparation, we conclude the following: (1) Antibiotic prophylaxis with ceftriaxone and imidazoles has been shown to be effective.7 (2) If oral laxatives are chosen, senna should be used rather than polyethylene glycol.1 (3) If mechanical preparation by enema is chosen, antiseptic enemas are preferred because they are associated with fewer septic complications than water or saline enemas.4, 7 (4) If antiseptic enemas are used, PVI is better than sodium hypochlorite because of better tolerance, especially in the case of stenosis. (5) In the case of preoperative tight stenosis or intraoperative poor cleanliness, colonic lavage could be used.21
We recommend 4 future goals. (1) Identify the single best or 2 best antibiotic preparations at anesthetic induction and determine whether preoperative oral antibiotics add anything to the local action of PVI enema and the antibiotic preparations. (2) Confirm the clinically significant antiseptic action of PVI enema to decrease the rate of abdominal infective complications through large controlled trials. (3) Because laparoscopic colorectal surgery is common, find the ideal preparation to facilitate handling of the bowel and performing the anastomosis without spillage. (4) Improve tolerance by decreasing the volume administered from 2 L to 1 L, provided that this does not diminish the colonic cleanliness or the bactericidal action of the antiseptic enema.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Abe Fingerhut, MD, Surgical Unit, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal, Chemin du Champ-Gaillard, 78303 Poissy CEDEX, France (abefinger{at}aol.com).
Accepted for Publication: September 28, 2006.
Author Contributions: Study concept and design: Valverde, Hay, Couchard, and Fingerhut. Acquisition of data: Msika, Kianmanesh, Hay, Couchard, Flamant, Fingerhut, and Fagniez. Analysis and interpretation of data: Valverde, Hay, Flamant, and Fingerhut. Drafting of the manuscript: Valverde, Hay, Couchard, and Fingerhut. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Valverde, Msika, Kianmanesh, Hay, Flamant, Fingerhut, and Fagniez. Statistical analysis: Hay, Couchard, and Flamant. Administrative, technical, and material support: Valverde, Msika, Kianmanesh, Hay, Couchard, Fingerhut, and Fagniez. Study supervision: Hay and Fingerhut.
Group Members: Association de Recherche en Chirurgie and Association de Recherche en Chirurgie d’Ile de France Group Members: Tours: Jean-Claude Cour, MD. Pithiviers: Jean-Paul Delalande, MD. Aulnay-sous-Bois: André Elhadad, MD; Didier Brassier, MD; and Elias Habib, MD. Créteil-Paris: Pierre-Louis Fagniez, MD; Nelly Rotman, MD; and Daniel Cherqui, MD. Colombes-Paris: Guy Zeitoun, MD. Romorantin: Henri Hennet, MD. Saint-Yriex: Marc Kalfon, MD. Le Mans: René Kaswin, MD. Corbeil: Gérard Kohlmann, MD. Meaux: Patrice Laigneau, MD. Charenton-le-Pont: Pierre Le Picard, MD. Lagny: Daniel Picard, MD. Argenteuil: Xavier Pouliquen, MD, and Bernard Vacher, MD. Orsay: Michel Rodary, MD. Juvisy: François Rouffet, MD. Auxerre: Michel Sage, MD. Nice: Jean-Louis Sicard, MD. Montmorency: Yves Soulier, MD. Pontoise: Michel Veyrières, MD.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Author Affiliations: Surgical Unit, Hôpital Louis Mourier (Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris), Colombes (Drs Valverde, Msika, Kianmanesh, Hay, Couchard, and Flamant), Surgical Unit, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal, Poissy (Dr Fingerhut), and Surgical Unit, Hôpital Henri Mondor (Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris), Créteil (Dr Fagniez), France.
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Arch Surg. 2006;141(12):1175.
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THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES
Povidone-Iodine vs Sodium Hypochlorite Enema for Mechanical Preparation Before Elective Open Colonic or Rectal Resection With Primary Anastomosis--Invited Critique
Galandiuk
Arch Surg 2006;141:1175-1175.
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