 |
|
Controversies in the Current Management of Lumbar Hernias
Alfredo Moreno-Egea, MD;
Enrique G. Baena, MD;
Miquel C. Calle, MD;
José Antonio T. Martínez, MD;
José Luis A. Albasini, MD
Arch Surg. 2007;142(1):82-88.
ABSTRACT
| |
Background Abdominal wall surgery has changed dramatically in recent years. The current management of lumbar hernias should reflect the development of modern imaging techniques and new forms of noninvasive treatment.
Objective To review and update knowledge on lumbar hernias.
Data Sources Literature review using MEDLINE with the key words "lumbar hernia" for the years 1950 through 2004. For an analysis prior to this date (1750-1950), we used cases reported by Thorek. Our own study of 28 patients was also included.
Study Selection All articles reporting clinical cases on lumbar hernia.
Data Extraction Two reviewers analyzed the epidemiological, clinical, and treatment data of the articles.
Data Synthesis One hundred thirty-five clinical case articles and 8 studies with more than 5 patients, together with our personal experience of 28 cases, were analyzed. Nine percent of acquired lumbar hernia cases presented for emergency surgery, which means that a clinical diagnosis was completed with computed tomography in more than 90% of the cases. None of the published classifications has a therapeutic orientation. We present an original classification based on 6 categories and 4 types. In our study, there was a predominance of incisional hernias (79%), with no difference with regard to sex or location but with a predominance in the upper space (47%). Laparoscopic treatment accounts for 9% of the publications' cases and there is only 1 prospective comparative study.
Conclusions The use of a complete classification and tomography must be standard practice in the preoperative protocol of patients with lumbar hernia. The laparoscopic approach seems to be the best option for treating small or moderate defects; open surgery can be reserved for large defects and to salvage failures with the laparoscopic approach.
INTRODUCTION
Lumbar hernia is a relatively rare defect of the posterior abdominal wall, with approximately 300 cases reported in the literature. According to Hafner et al,1 a general surgeon will only have the opportunity to repair 1 lumbar hernia case in his or her lifetime. Today, this situation in many centers has changed with the creation of functional units where patients can be centralized and surgeons can gain a greater amount of experience in a short period of time. Moreover, abdominal wall surgery has changed dramatically over the last decade with the introduction of new diagnostic techniques, the use of prosthetic materials, and the development of laparoscopic surgery. The current management of lumbar hernias should reflect these changes, but there is still controversy over the classification of defects, the appropriate preoperative diagnosis with or without the use of computed tomography (CT), and the treatment of choice for these hernias.
In an attempt to address these points of controversy, we conducted a MEDLINE search for articles published from 1950 to 2004 using the keywords "lumbar hernia." To complete the historical study prior to 1950 (1730-1950), we used tables published by Thorek2 (Figure 1). An analysis was made of 135 clinical case articles and 8 studies with more than 5 patients, together with our personal experience of 28 cases.
|
|
|
|
Figure 1. Flow diagram of the MEDLINE reference search.
|
|
|
HISTORICAL NOTES
P. Barbette was the first to suggest the existence of these hernias in 1672, but the first publication was by R.J.C. Garangeot in 1731. In 1750, H. Ravaton performed the first surgical treatment of a strangulated lumbar hernia in a pregnant woman. The description of the anatomical limits of the inferior lumbar space was made by Petit (1783) and a description of the superior space was made by Grynfeltt (1866). In 1890, J. Macready observed 25 cases. Two of those cases involved the superior lumbar space, which he called the "triangle of Grynfeltt-Lesshaft." In 1916, Goodman pointed out the predominance of the inferior space as the most common site of lumbar hernias, but studies after 1920 show that the superior location is more common (Virgilio, 1925; Watson, 1948; and Thorek, 19502-3).
APPLIED SURGICAL ANATOMY
The lumbar region is defined superiorly by the 12th rib, medially by the erector spinae muscle, inferiorly by the crest of the iliac bone, and laterally by the external oblique muscle. Knowledge of the composition of the abdominal wall at this level is important for a correct orientation both during open surgery and in the laparoscopic approach: (1) skin; (2) superficial fascia; (3) superficial muscle layer, comprising the latissimus dorsi and external oblique; (4) thoracolumbar fascia; (5) middle muscle layer, with the sacrospinal, internal oblique, and serratus posterior inferior muscles; (6) deep muscle layer, which contains the quadratus lumborum and psoas muscles; (7) transversalis fascia; (8) preperitoneal fat; and (9) peritoneum. This area contains 2 well-defined areas of weakness.3
Superior Lumbar Triangle
The Grynfeltt-Lesshaft triangle is larger and more constant than the inferior lumbar space and is probably the most common location for spontaneous hernias. It is an inverted space bordered at the base by the 12th rib and lower edge of the serratus posterior inferior muscle; the posterior side is formed by the sacrospinal muscle; the anterior is formed by the internal oblique muscle; the roof is formed by the external oblique and latissimus dorsi; and the floor consists of the transversalis fascia and aponeurosis of the transversalis muscle of the abdomen. Three areas of weakness can be found in this space: immediately below the rib where the transversalis fascia is not covered by the external oblique muscle, in the area of fascial penetration of the 12th dorsal intercostal neurovascular pedicle, and between the inferior edge of the rib and the ligament of Henle. The predisposition to herniation in this space is extremely variable and depends on the following: size and form of the triangle; length and angulation of the rib; size and form of the quadratus lumborum and serratus posterior muscles; insertion of the latissimus dorsi between the 11th and 12th ribs; union of the posterior fibers of the latissimus dorsi and external oblique; variable insertion of the fibers of the external oblique above the 12th rib; and whether the internal oblique muscle is muscular or aponeurotic at its insertion above the 12th rib (a tall, thin person with angulated final ribs will have a smaller superior lumbar space than a short, obese person with horizontal ribs).
Inferior Lumbar Triangle
The Petit triangle is smaller and bordered by the crest of the iliac bone at the base, the external oblique muscle laterally, and the latissimus dorsi muscle medially; the floor is formed by the lumbodorsal fascia adjacent to the aponeurosis of the internal oblique and transversalis muscle. Occasionally the edges of the latissimus dorsi and external oblique muscles may be adjoining and close the space. Predisposing factors to herniation in this space may be alterations in the origin of the external oblique muscle and a more medial latissimus dorsi giving rise to a larger triangle base (common in women with wide hips), tapering of the internal oblique muscle or its not being completely tendinous, and the presence of the Hartmann fissure at the vertex of the triangle. Unlike the superior space, the inferior space is not penetrated by nerves or blood vessels that weaken the floor.
Diffuse Lumbar Hernias
Occasionally the defects assume considerable sizes and are not limited by the previously mentioned spaces. They are usually the result of surgical incisions or violent traumas, particularly car crashes. In such cases, the lumbar spaces usually move into the parietal cicatricial defect and extend beyond the boundaries of the anatomical lumbar space to invade the edge of the anterior rectus muscle.4
ETIOPATHOGENESIS
Lumber hernias may be congenital and acquired. Congenital hernias appear during infancy as the origin of a defect in the musculoskeletal system of the lumbar region and are associated with other malformations. Acquired lumbar hernias are usually primary—or spontaneous—and secondary, depending on the existence of a causal factor such as surgery, infection, or trauma. Predisposing factors in spontaneous acquired lumbar hernia are age, obesity, extreme thinness, chronic debilitating disease, muscular atrophy, intense slimming, chronic bronchitis, wound infection, and postoperative sepsis.They are also usually associated with strenuous physical activity. It seems that the loss of fatty tissue facilitates the rupture of the neurovascular orifices that penetrate the lumbodorsal fascia; situations related to increased intra-abdominal pressure would act as factors that trigger the appearance of these hernias.
Secondary acquired lumbar hernias may have multiple pathogenic mechanisms: direct contusion, crushing, fractures of the iliac crest, surgical lesions or infections of the pelvic bones and ribs, hepatic abscesses, infected retroperitoneal hematomas, and infectious processes that may alter the integrity of the lumbodorsal fascia.
Incisional Acquired Lumbar Hernias
Incisional acquired lumbar hernias were described by Kelton in 1939, with H.L. Kretchmer5 publishing the first study of 11 cases following renal surgery in 1951. The operations most frequently associated with this type are nephrectomy, abdominal aorta aneurysm surgery, resection of abdominal wall tumors, iliac bone donation, and latissimus dorsi flaps in plastic surgery.5-9 The prevalence of lumbar hernia after lumbotomy is approximately 20% to 30%.4-6 Its pathogenic mechanism may be explained by dissection of the subcostal nerve, which involves muscular atrophy—a gradual thinning of the muscle and fascia, which acts as a predisposing factor to hernia appearance.9-11
Traumatic Acquired Lumbar Hernias
An article describing traumatic acquired lumbar hernias was initially published by C.D. Selby in 1906. In 1996, M.C. McCarthy defined traumatic acquired lumbar hernia as a lesion caused by the use of seat belts.12 Thompson et al13 described the ensemble of lesions comprising the seat belt syndrome in young women suffering from a crash as automobile passengers: fracture-subluxation of the first lumbar vertebra, jejunal perforation, extensive mesenteric laceration, and lumbar hernia.14-16
The percentage of congenital and acquired hernias (80%) has not varied with time, although the etiological agents of acquired lumbar hernias have indeed changed: infectious hernias have decreased considerably (from 17% to 2%), whereas incisional hernias have increased from 10% to 31% (Figure 1). Pathogenically, lumbar hernias are defined as the protrusion of preperitoneal or intra-abdominal contents into the lumbar area. The herniary sac may be absent (subfascial fat hernias), have a sliding peritoneum component, or be totally intraperitoneal; and the visceral contents are extremely variable, with reports of hernias containing the colon, omentum, small bowel, kidney, spleen, or stomach.
CLASSIFICATION
It is not easy to classify lumbar hernias owing to their uncommon nature, variable location, and difficult diagnosis. Classifications proposed in the literature have a unifactorial, epidemiological nature, not a therapeutic orientation2-3:
- According to location: (1) superior lumbar (Grynfeltt-Lesshaft triangle, lumbocostal, or costoiliac of Larrey); (2) inferior lumbar (Petit triangle, suprailiac of Huguier, or lumboiliac); and (3) diffuse (postoperative, costal incisional, or traumatic).
- According to contents: (1) extraperitoneal (with no peritoneal sac); (2) paraperitoneal (peritoneum sliding and adhering to the viscera); and (3) intraperitoneal (with a complete peritoneal sac around the visceral contents).
- According to etiology: congenital or acquired; and traumatic, infectious, or surgical.
We propose a classification with a therapeutic aim, which identifies 4 types of hernia based on 6 criteria: size, location, contents, muscular atrophy, origin, and existence of previous recurrence (Table 1). The presence of 2 criteria is sufficient to define the type of hernia (Figures 2, 3, and 4).
|
|
|
|
Table 1. Classification of Lumbar Hernias Into 4 Types Based on 6 Criteria*
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 2. Type A lumbar hernia. A 3-cm defect without visceral contents in a patient without previous surgery. A, Computed tomographic image. B, Surgery image. C, Repair via extraperitoneal laparoscopy.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 3. Type B lumbar hernia. An incisional defect of approximately 8 cm in the superior space. A, Computed tomographic image. B, Surgery image. C, Repair via transabdominal laparoscopy. Arrowhead indicates fixation of mesh.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 4. Type C lumbar hernia. A 20-cm defect with visceral contents and previous recurrence with an intra-abdominal mesh. A, Computed tomographic image. B, Surgery image. C, Open repair with a double mesh (inlay and onlay).
|
|
|
DIAGNOSIS
Lumbar hernias may be acute or chronic, and their name will depend on the hernia size and contents. We must not forget that occasionally they do not cause symptoms; there are no systems that are pathognomonic of these hernias:
- Posterior lateral tumor: the most common clinical manifestation is a palpable mass that increases with coughing and strenuous activity, usually reducible and tending to disappear with the patient in the decubitus supine position. Occasionally it can grow to a large size and alter the symmetry of the patient's torso.17
- Back pain or lumbago: the patient usually reports unspecific abdominal discomfort, fatigue, or back pain along the area of distribution of the sciatic nerve. According to Light,18 it is a diagnosis to consider in young women and athletes with back pain.
- Bowel obstruction: manifests itself with nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and palpation of an irreducible mass. Radiology can reveal the presence of air-fluid levels. Strangulation is uncommon but can occur with constriction of the neck of the sac; may also be caused by volvulation of the contents.19-22
- Urinary obstruction: if the contents are renal, patients can experience urinary symptoms such as hematuria, oliguria, and colicky pain.23-24
- Other rare forms of manifestation reported in publications are pelvic mass and retroperitoneal and gluteal abscess.25-27
In the literature we did not find any changes with time in the form of manifestation: 91% of lumbar hernias are nonemergency and 9% are acute, such as bowel obstruction. In most cases, therefore, there is no clinical impediment to completing an adequate preoperative study. We must not forget to establish a differential diagnosis with other more common processes, such as lipomas (soft, mobile tumors not attached to muscle layers), fibromas (attached to fascia or muscle; firm, neither reducible nor painful; moving with contraction of the muscle group), hematomas (suspected by the existence of a history of trauma and local ecchymosis; they are irreducible and common in athletes or in those being treated with anticoagulants), abscesses (with associated pain, edema, cellulitis, fever, and leucocytosis), kidney tumors (irreducible, dull on percussion and not painful), muscle hernia (very rare; disappearing when the muscle is relaxed), panniculitis (a more widespread process associated with manifestations of rheumatism and occasionally a history of repeated episodes of multiple small nonsuppurative subcutaneous nodules), and pannicular lumbosacroiliac hernia (herniation of the subfascial fat, which can cause lumbar pain but disappears with regional infiltration of local anesthetics). None of these processes can cause symptoms of bowel obstruction.1-3
Muscular Atrophy or Pseudohernia (Type D)
A special situation arises in cases of muscular atrophy of the posterior lateral abdominal wall. Parietal thinning may bring about a deformity that cannot be distinguished from a real hernia, with palpation of a reducible tumor (suggesting bowel contents) and local discomfort during ambulation and physical exercise. Thus, muscular atrophy behaves physiologically like a hernia and only a proper imaging study (CT) will confirm diagnosis. Some authors have published cases of patients who underwent surgery in error for lumbar hernia to reveal muscular atrophy during the operation.17, 28-29
Imaging Diagnosis
Since 1987 when Baker et al30 demonstrated the utility of CT in the diagnosis of lumbar hernia, another 12 specific publications (7% of all the studies published) have supported the use of imaging diagnosis for reliably assessing the anatomical relationships of the lumbar area, differentiating muscular atrophy from a real hernia, identifying the contents, and ruling out the possibility of a tumor by facilitating a more rational therapeutic decision.31-34 Although diagnosis must be clinical, based on the patient's history, symptoms, and physical signs, today, except in cases of emergency manifestation or in centers not equipped with adequate radiological facilities or experiencing financial difficulties, the use of CT must be regarded as a routine exploratory technique in the preoperative evaluation of patients with lumbar hernia.
TREATMENT
Indication for Surgery
The natural evolution of these hernias is a steady growth in size, becoming more and more symptomatic. Most surgeons, therefore, think hernias should be repaired in all except high-risk patients. As surgical correction is always more difficult in advanced cases, surgery must be indicated as early as possible.11 Bolkier et al29 justify a cosmetic indication because of local deformity in cases of muscular atrophy. Currently there are no reliable data in the literature to either justify or dismiss this option. In this case, we think it should be a combined decision depending on the surgical team (experience), the patient (eg, age, work activity, associated diseases, previous surgeries, and American Society of Anesthesiologists risk), and type of hernia. When symptoms of incarceration or strangulation exist, it should be indicated in the emergency department.
Historical Notes
The first repair was published by E. Owen in 1888. In 1907, C.N. Dowd introduced the use of musculoaponeurotic rotation flaps to cover the defect using the gluteus major and medius muscles. Since then, the use of flaps has also been reported with the latissimus dorsi muscle (J.H. Rishmiller, 1917) and fascia lata (I.S. Ravdin, 1923). The use of mesh as an element of repair was proposed by Thorek2 in 1950 (tantalum) and Hafner1 in 1963 (Marlex). The transabdominal laparoscopic approach was introduced by Burick and Parascandola35 in 1996; 3 years later Woodward et al36 described the total extraperitoneal approach using a balloon dissector. There are currently 14 references describing this approach (9% of all the publications) and an article of 7 cases published by Arca et al37 in 1998. Despite the multiple techniques described, there is still no recommendation consensus for any of these approaches. The only prospective study that compares the results of classic surgery with the laparoscopic approach was published in 2005 and shows with statistical significance that the latter has a lower morbidity rate, shorter length of hospital stay, lower consumption of analgesics, and an earlier return to normal activity without increasing the costs of the process.38
Reasons for Choice
Before choosing a technique we should establish a complete diagnosis (ie, know the size, location, and contents of the defect); for this reason, it is advisable to have CT available to plan the surgery properly. By knowing the benefits of each technique, we believe our classification can help us decide whether to choose a classic or laparoscopic approach and will enable us to compare future studies. The anterior approach is quite traumatic and requires a major dissection to define the damaged planes and locate the defect, but it has the advantage of enabling us to perform a complete parietal reconstruction.4, 12, 29 The laparoscopic approach has the advantage of being minimally invasive (less pain, shorter length of hospital stay, and fewer wound complications); it also avoids major dissections, allows exact location of the lesion, and offers an excellent visualization, thus avoiding possible lesions to neighboring structures (eg, ureter, colon, nerves). However, the laparoscopic approach does not allow for parietal reconstruction or repair under controlled tension.35-44 In cases of associated muscular atrophy or major deformity, we believe that repair must be done under a certain degree of tension to guarantee an adequate aesthetic and functional result, an aim that we can achieve with a double mesh technique (type D). It is therefore important to obtain the patient's proper consent and to guarantee surgical expectations. From experience we advise a hernioplasty via the anterior approach or using extraperitoneal laparoscopy on small defects with extraperitoneal contents (type A); the transabdominal approach on moderate defects with paraperitoneal or intraperitoneal hernias (type B); and an anterior repair with a double mesh in cases of recurrence or diffuse hernias larger than 15 cm (type C). Autoplasties or the use of mesh plugs should not currently be recommended because the quality of the affected tissues cannot be assessed reliably during surgery. Repair should always be done with the mesh extended, a maximum overlap around the perimeter (>6 cm), and adequate fixation.38, 45-47
Finally, the results of lumbar hernia treatment are difficult to analyze because of the limited experience of each surgeon (Table 2). T.H. Hancock published the first case of recurrence in 1920.2 Since then recurrences have been reported with all the technical options described: simple closure, muscular plasties, or plasties with meshes.10, 13, 38, 47, 49 This should serve for us to reflect on the importance of making a correct preoperative assessment of the patient and an adequate choice of surgical technique. These results particularly stress the need for centralizing the pathology in experienced teams or units to be able to offer society and our patients the best possible results.
|
|
|
|
Table 2. Descriptive Articles Published With More Than 5 Cases*
|
|
|
CONCLUSIONS
The use of a complete classification is important for assessing patients adequately and improving our knowledge in the future. Computed tomography should be included in the preoperative protocol of these patients. The laparoscopic approach seems to be the best option for small or moderate defects. Open surgery can be reserved for large defects (traumatic or diffuse) and in cases where the laparoscopic approach has failed.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Alfredo Moreno-Egea, MD, Avenida Primo de Rivera 7, 5° D, Edificio Berlín, 30008 Murcia, Spain (moreno-egea{at}ono.com).
Accepted for Publication: November 7, 2005.
Author Contributions: Study concept and design: Moreno-Egea and Albasini. Acquisition of data: Moreno-Egea, Baena, Calle, and Martínez. Analysis and interpretation of data: Moreno-Egea, Baena, and Martínez. Drafting of the manuscript: Moreno-Egea and Martínez. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Moreno-Egea, Baena, Calle, Martínez, and Albasini. Statistical analysis: Moreno-Egea and Martínez. Obtained funding: Moreno-Egea and Martínez. Administrative, technical, and material support: Moreno-Egea and Calle. Study supervision: Moreno-Egea, Baena, and Albasini.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Author Affiliations: Abdominal Wall Unit, Department of Surgery (Drs Moreno-Egea and Albasini), Department of Radiology (Drs Baena and Calle), and Department of Surgery (Dr Martínez), J. M. Morales Meseguer Hospital, Murcia, Spain.
REFERENCES
| |
1. Hafner C, Wylie J Jr, Brush BE. Petit's lumbar hernia: repair with Marlex mesh. Arch Surg. 1963;86:180-186.
2. Thorek M. Lumbar hernia. J Int Coll Surg. 1950;14:367-393.
PUBMED
3. Geis WP, Hodakowski GT. Lumbar hernia. In: Nyhus LM, Condon RE, eds. Hernia. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott; 1995:412-423.4. Lichtenstein IL. Repair of large diffuse lumbar hernias by an extraperitoneal binder technique. Am J Surg. 1986;151:501-504.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
5. Kretchmer HL. Hernia of the kidney. J Urol. 1951;65:944-949.
ISI
| PUBMED
6. Soto Delgado M, Garcia MA, Velasco M, Pedrero MG. Lumbar eventration as complication of the lumbotomy in the flank: review of our series. Actas Urol Esp. 2002;26:345-350.
PUBMED
7. Moon HK, Dowden RV. Lumbar hernia after latissimus dorsi flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;75:417-419.
ISI
| PUBMED
8. Mickel TJ, Barton FE Jr, Rohrich RJ; et al. Management and prevention of lumbar hernias following a latissimus dorsi flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;103:1473-1475.
ISI
| PUBMED
9. Fulham SB. Lumbar hernia. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1985;30:315-317.
PUBMED
10. Patten LC, Awad SS, Berger DH; et al. A novel technique for the repair of lumbar hernias after iliac crest bone harvest. Am J Surg. 2004;188:85-88.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
11. Orcutt TW. Hernia of the superior lumbar triangle. Ann Surg. 1971;173:294-297.
ISI
| PUBMED
12. Sutherland RS, Gerow RR. Hernia after dorsal incision into lumbar region: a case report and review of pathogenesis and treatment. J Urol. 1995;153:382-384.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
13. Thompson NS, Date R, Charlwood AP; et al. Seat-belt syndrome revisited. Int J Clin Pract. 2001;55:573-575.
ISI
| PUBMED
14. Barden BE, Manull KI. Traumatic lumbar hernia. South Med J. 2000;93:1067-1069.
ISI
| PUBMED
15. Esposito TJ, Fedorak I. Traumatic lumbar hernia: case report and literature review. J Trauma. 1994;37:123-126.
ISI
| PUBMED
16. Sarela AI, Mavanur AA, Bhaskar A; et al. Post-traumatic lumbar hernia. J Postgrad Med. 1996;42:78-80.
PUBMED
17. Salameh JR, Salloum EJ. Lumbar incisional hernias: diagnostic and management dilemma. JSLS. 2004;8:391-394.
PUBMED
18. Light HG. Hernia of the inferior lumbar space: a cause of back pain. Arch Surg. 1983;118:1077-1080.
FREE FULL TEXT
19. Hide IG, Pike EE, Uberoi R. Lumbar hernia: a rare cause of large bowel obstruction. Postgrad Med J. 1999;75:231-233.
FREE FULL TEXT
20. Losanoff JE, Kjossev KT. Diagnosis and treatment of primary incarcerated lumbar hernia. Eur J Surg. 2002;168:193-195.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
21. Horovitz IL, Schwarz HA, Deham A. A lumbar hernia presenting as an obstructing lesion of the colon. Dis Colon Rectum. 1986;29:742-744.
ISI
| PUBMED
22. Astarcioglu H, Sökmen S, Atila K; et al. Incarcerated inferior lumbar (Petit’s) hernia. Hernia. 2003;7:158-160.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
23. Presti JC, Narayan P. Lumbar herniation of the kidney. J Urol. 1988;140:586-587.
ISI
| PUBMED
24. Shuhaiber J, Dunn T, Evans A; et al. Traumatic lumbar hernia with ureteropelvic junction disruption: case report and review of the literature. J Trauma. 2003;55:985-988.
ISI
| PUBMED
25. Biotois H, Couinaud C. A case of lumbar hernia favoring the formation of a mass in the pelvic colon. J Chir (Paris). 1969;98:27-30.
PUBMED
26. Lauritzen JB, Ebbehoj N. Retropancreatic abscess: intermittent lumbar hernia [in Danish]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1985;147:526.
PUBMED
27. Zub A, Kozka M. Petit's triangle hernia clinically mimicking gluteal abscess [in Polish]. Przegl Lek. 2003;60:86-87.28. Staerman F, Staerman H, Guiraud P; et al. Autogenous skin graft in the treatment of large incisional lumbar hernias and bulges. Eur Urol. 1997;32:209-212.
ISI
| PUBMED
29. Bolkier M, Moskovitz B, Ginesin Y; et al. An operation for incisional lumbar hernia. Eur Urol. 1991;20:52-53.
ISI
| PUBMED
30. Baker ME, Weinerth JL, Andriani RT; et al. Lumbar hernia: diagnosis by CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;148:565-567.
FREE FULL TEXT
31. Faro SH, Racette CD, Lally JF; et al. Traumatic lumbar hernia: CT diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990;154:757-759.
FREE FULL TEXT
32. Catalano O, Nunziata A, Esposito M. Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of the lumbar hernia: report of 3 cases [in Italian]. Radiol Med (Torino). 1998;96:523-524.
PUBMED
33. Guillem P, Czarnecki E, Duval G. Lumbar hernia: anatomical route assessed by computed tomography. Surg Radiol Anat. 2002;24:53-56.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
34. Killeen KL, Girard S, DeMeo JH; et al. Using CT to diagnose traumatic lumbar hernias. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174:1413-1415.
FREE FULL TEXT
35. Burick AJ, Parascandola S. Laparoscopic repair of a traumatic lumbar hernia: a case report. J Laparoendosc Surg. 1996;6:259-262.
ISI
| PUBMED
36. Woodward AM, Flint L, Ferrara J. Laparoscopic retroperitoneal repair of recurrent postoperative lumbar hernia. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 1999;9:181-186.
ISI
| PUBMED
37. Arca MJ, Heniford BT, Pokorny R; et al. Laparoscopic repair of lumbar hernias. J Am Coll Surg. 1998;187:147-152.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
38. Moreno-Egea A, Torralba JA, Morales G; et al. Open vs laparoscopic repair of secondary lumbar hernias: a prospective nonrandomized study. Surg Endosc. 2005;19:184-187.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
39. Bickel A, Haj M, Eitan A. Laparoscopic management of lumbar hernia. Surg Endosc. 1997;11:1129-1130.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
40. Heniford BT, Iannitti DA, Gadner M. Laparoscopic inferior and superior lumbar hernia repair. Arch Surg. 1997;132:1141-1144.
FREE FULL TEXT
41. Shekarriz B, Graziottin TM, Gholami S; et al. Transperitoneal preperitoneal laparoscopic lumbar incisional herniorrhaphy. J Urol. 2001;166:1267-1269.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
42. Meinke AK. Totally extraperitoneal laparoendoscopic repair of lumbar hernia. Surg Endosc. 2003;17:734-737.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
43. Postema RR, Bonjer HJ. Endoscopic extraperitoneal repair of a Grynfeltt hernia. Surg Endosc. 2002;16:716.
PUBMED
44. Habib E. Retroperitoneoscopic tension-free repair of lumbar hernia. Hernia. 2003;7:150-152.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
45. Moreno-Egea A, Aguayo JL. Ambulatory laparoscopic repair of inferior Lumbar or Petit Hernia: a case report. Surg Endosc. 2002;16:1107.
PUBMED
46. Moreno-Egea A, Torralba JA, Cartagena J; et al. Technique for mesh fixation in the laparoscopic repair of lateral ventral hernias. Surg Endosc. In press.47. Alves A Jr, Maximiano L, Fujimura I; et al. Grynfeltt hernia. Arq Gastroenterol. 1996;33:32-35.
PUBMED
48. Zhou X, Nue JO, Chen G. Lumbar hernia: clinical analysis of 11 cases. Hernia. 2004;8:260-263.
PUBMED
49. Rosato L, Paino O, Ginardi A. Traumatic lumbar hernia of the Petit's triangle: a clinical case [in Italian]. Minerva Chir. 1996;51:1125-1127.
PUBMED
 CiteULike  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati
What's this?
|
