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Circulating Dendritic Cells and Development of Septic Complications After Pancreatectomy for Pancreatic Cancer
Kanji Takahashi, MD;
Sohei Satoi, MD;
Hiroaki Yanagimoto, MD;
Naoyoshi Terakawa, MD;
Hideyoshi Toyokawa, MD;
Tomohisa Yamamoto, MD;
Yoichi Matsui, MD;
Soichiro Takai, MD;
A-Hon Kwon, MD;
Yasuo Kamiyama, MD
Arch Surg. 2007;142(12):1151-1157.
ABSTRACT
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Objective To investigate whether circulating dendritic cells in patients with pancreatic cancer is a risk factor for septic complications after pancreatectomy.
Design Retrospective study.
Setting University hospital.
Patients Forty-one patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent pancreatectomy from May 2001 to July 2005. Patients were divided into 2 groups depending on whether or not they had a development of postoperative septic complications.
Main Outcome Measures Dendritic cell, natural killer cell, and CD4+ T-cell, and CD8+ T-cell counts were measured preoperatively in each patient. Clinicopathologic parameters and immune parameters for each patient, operation, and tumor were compared between the 2 groups. Preoperative risk factors for postoperative septic complications were determined using logistic regression analysis.
Results Circulating dendritic cell count before pancreatectomy in patients with septic complications postoperatively for pancreatic cancer was significantly lower than in patients without septic complications. Multivariate analysis indicated that preoperative circulating dendritic cell count was the only predictive value among the diverse clinical parameters tested in relation to the development of septic complications. Notably, when the circulating dendritic cell count was less than 10.0 x 103/mL in the peripheral blood, the risk of developing postoperative septic complications markedly increased. In such cases, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of total circulating dendritic cell count were as high as 80%.
Conclusion In patients with pancreatic cancer, low preoperative circulating dendritic cell count (< 10.0 x 103/mL) is a significant risk factor for the development of septic complications after pancreatectomy.
INTRODUCTION
Owing to the availability of more sophisticated operative techniques and perioperative management, mortality after pancreatectomy for pancreatic malignancies has decreased in experienced institutions during the last 2 decades. However, morbidity is still relatively high.1-5 Several reports describing an association between preoperative immunodeficiency and increased risk of postoperative mortality and morbidity have been published.6-8 It has also been reported that monocyte deactivation with low HLA-DR expression,9 apoptosis of lymphocytes,10 and depletion of dendritic cells (DCs)11 were observed in patients with sepsis. Dendritic cells, which play a central role in helper T 1 (TH1) cell and/or helper T 2 (TH2) cell immune responses, are as capable of stimulating naive T cells as the most potent antigen-presenting cells12 that initiate immune responses against pathogens.13-14 Accordingly, we hypothesized an association between depletion of DCs and the occurrence of septic complications after pancreatectomy in patients with pancreatic cancer. This study aimed to investigate whether low numbers of circulating DCs were a risk factor for developing postpancreatectomy septic complications in patients with pancreatic cancer.
METHODS
PATIENTS AND STUDY DESIGN
Forty-five patients with pancreatic cancer admitted consecutively for elective pancreatectomy in the surgery department at Kansai Medical University from May 2001 to July 2005 were evaluated. Four patients were excluded because of liver metastasis or peritoneal dissemination found during pancreatectomy, which was diagnosed from an intraoperative frozen section. The remaining 41 patients who underwent pancreatectomy were enrolled in the study following completion of a written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The institutional review board of Kansai Medical University approved the protocol.
We performed bile duct decompression preoperatively for any patient experiencing obstructive jaundice due to tumor invasion of the bile duct. None of the patients had any severe organ dysfunction, acute biliary tract infection, or other acute inflammation at the time of operation or blood sampling. Several days preoperatively, blood samples were taken from each patient in the morning after fasting overnight, and DC, natural killer (NK) cell, CD4+ T-cell, and CD8+ T-cell counts were performed. All data, including occurrence of postoperative complications, were collected retrospectively from the pancreas database at Kansai Medical University. Patients were classified into 1 of 2 groups: those who experienced postoperative septic complications and those who did not. To examine presumed risk factors for postoperative complications, clinicopathologic factors, blood examination results (including preoperative C-reactive protein [CRP] level and immune parameters), operation, and tumor were compared between the 2 groups. Preoperative risk factors for postoperative septic complications were also analyzed using logistic regression analysis.
A potentially curative pancreatectomy was scheduled for each patient. Patients were preoperatively classified according to the recommendations of the American Society of Anesthesiologists for more accurate evaluation of anesthetic risks.15 Surgical procedures for pancreatectomy were performed as previously described16; 7 patients underwent additional reconstruction of the portal vein. Each operation was either performed or supervised by 2 senior surgeons experienced in pancreatic operations. Pathologic staging was performed in accordance with TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors, Sixth Edition.17 After pancreatectomy, each patient was discharged when all signs of acute inflammation (high-grade fever, elevated leukocyte count or CRP levels) resolved and sufficient oral intake was attained.
DEFINITION OF POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
Each postoperative day when patients demonstrated clinical symptoms of systemic inflammatory response syndrome was prospectively recorded.18 However, clinical symptoms of systemic inflammatory response syndrome within the first 4 postoperative days were excluded as systemic responses to surgical stress. After the fourth day, any patient's complication that involved clinical symptoms of infection-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome that continued for more than 2 days of the in-hospital stay was considered a septic complication.5
Intra-abdominal abscess was defined by a collection of purulent matter confirmed by ultrasound or computed tomography–guided aspiration and fluid culture. Intra-abdominal infection was regarded as the presence of pus or microbiologic findings of bacteria in the drainage tubes without any radiologic findings. Bacteremia was identified by the isolation of microbes from peripheral blood culture. Bacterial enterocolitis was defined by reiterative diarrhea, inflammatory indications from blood tests, and the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the stool culture.
Surgical wounds were observed daily and, upon appearance of any sign of infection (such as local heat, rubor, swelling and/or fever), the wound was opened for drainage. Wound infection was identified by purulent discharge from a disrupted wound. Delayed gastric emptying was defined as either the need for nasogastric intubation for 10 or more days or the inability to tolerate regular food on the 14th postoperative day.2 Anastomotic stenosis was diagnosed by the poor passage of contrast agents through the anastomosis. When a patient showed lack of appetite, epigastlargia, or bloody discharge from a nasogastric tube or in the stool, upper gastrointestinal fiberscopy was used to detect anastomotic ulcers.
ESTIMATION OF PHYSIOLOGIC ABILITY AND SURGICAL STRESS SCORES
The Estimation of Physiologic Ability and Surgical Stress (E-PASS) is a scoring system used to predict the risk of complication after an elective digestive operation using multiple regression analysis.19 This system comprises a preoperative risk score, a surgical stress score, and a comprehensive risk score, the latter determined by combining the 2 former scores. A previous prospective multi-center study conducted by Haga et al20 revealed that postoperative morbidity and mortality increased reproducibly as the comprehensive risk score increased; E-PASS scores were compared between patients with and without septic complications.
FLOW CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Circulating dendritic cell count was measured by flow cytometry assay using FACScan (Becton Dickinson, Sunnyvale, California) as described previously.21 Counts of NK cell, CD4+ T-cell, and CD8+ T-cell immunoeffectors were similarly measured.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Data relating to clinical characteristics, preoperative laboratory results, flow cytometry values, and the operation were statistically analyzed. Continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. Based on preoperative DC, NK, CD4+ T-cell, and CD8+ T-cell counts, patients were grouped into low-count or high-count subgroups, with the cutoff defined by the median value of all patients.
The effect of potential risk factors on the development of septic complications after pancreatectomy was analyzed using the  2 test, except when the expected frequency of patients with septic complications was less than 5, in which case the Fisher exact test was used. Because this was a multivariate analysis, logistic regression was used to determine independent risk factors for septic complication. All statistical analyses were performed using StatView, version 5.0 (Abacus Concepts, Berkeley, California). P < .05 was defined as significant.
RESULTS
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PARAMETERS
Forty-one patients (22 men and 19 women) were assessed in this study. The median age of the patients was 65 years (range, 47-83). Twenty patients (49%) had diabetes mellitus before the operation. Eighteen patients (44%) had obstructive jaundice and underwent bile duct decompression before the operation. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy was performed in 22 patients (54%). Ten patients underwent distal pancreatectomy, 25 underwent pancreatoduodenectomy, 3 underwent pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy, and 3 underwent total pancreatectomy. Median operation time was 590 minutes (range, 265-900). Median intraoperative blood loss was 1390 mL (range, 285-7890). Twenty-four patients (58%) required allogeneic blood transfusion, 11 (27%) underwent autologous transfusion, and 6 (15%) did not require transfusion. The median postoperative hospitalization period was 40 days (range, 12-93). There was no in-hospital death postoperatively.
SEPTIC COMPLICATIONS
Eighteen patients (44%) developed septic complications, while 23 (56%) had relatively uneventful postoperative recoveries (no complication, 14 patients; nonseptic complication, 9 patients) (Table 1). Septic complications were often diagnosed on days 9 to 12 postoperatively (range, 5-26). Patients were divided into 2 groups depending on if they had a postoperative septic complication (n = 18) or did not (n = 23).
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Table 1. Postoperative Pancreatectomy Complications
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CLINICOPATHOLOGIC PARAMETERS
Patient-related parameters and the E-PASS scores were distributed similarly between patient groups with and without septic complications (Table 2). There were no statistically significant differences between groups for parameters related to the operation or the tumor (Table 3 and Table 4). As a matter of course, the mean duration of postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer in patients who developed septic complications (49 days; range, 29-93) than in those who did not (36 days; range, 12-74; P = .04) (Table 3).
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Table 2. Clinical Characteristics and E-PASS Scores of Patients With and Without Septic Complications (SCs)
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Table 3. Surgical Characteristics of Patients With and Without Septic Complications (SCs)
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Table 4. Tumor Characteristics of Patients With and Without Septic Complications (SCs)a
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Although the median CRP level was significantly higher in patients with septic complications than in those without, it was within normal reference range in both groups. There were no statistically significant differences in preoperative levels of leukocytes, hemoglobin, albumin, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, or carbohydrate antigen 19-9 between the patients with and patients without septic complications (Table 5).
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Table 5. Blood Examinations of Patients With and Without Septic Complications (SCs)
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IMMUNOLOGIC PARAMETERS
As shown in the Figure, DC counts (circulating DC type 1 [DC1], circulating DC type 2 [DC2], and total circulating DCs) in patients with septic complications were significantly lower than those without septic complications (P = .02, P = .008, and P = .003, respectively). However, there were no significant differences in NK cell, CD4+ T-cell, or CD8+ T-cell counts between the 2 groups (Table 6).
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Figure. Comparison of preoperative circulating dendritic cell (DC) counts (A, circulating DC type 1 [DC1]; B, circulating DC type 2 [DC2]; C, total circulating DC) between patients with and without septic complications (SCs). Blood samples were collected a few days preoperatively from each patient, and the number of circulating DCs was assayed using flow cytometry. Asterisk indicates P < .03 (patients with SCs vs those without). Dagger indicates P < .01 (patients with SCs vs those without). Horizontal lines show the median value. Diagonal lines show the 25th and 75th percentiles. Error bars show minimum and maximum values.
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Table 6. Flow Cytometric Assays of Patients With and Without Septic Complications (SCs)
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MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Multivariate analysis using logistic regression analysis identified lower circulating DC count as an independent risk factor for the occurrence of postoperative septic complication (Table 7). When patients were divided into 2 groups by the median value for total circulating DC count, circulating DC counts less than 10.0 x 103/mL functioned as an indicator for the occurrence of postoperative septic complications with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of around 80% (Table 8).
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Table 7. Multivariate Analysis of Preoperative Risk Factors for Postoperative Septic Complications (SCs)a
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Table 8. Predictive Values of Circulating Dendritic Cells (cDCs) for Septic Complication After Pancreatectomy for Pancreatic Cancera
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COMMENT
In this study, we demonstrated that patients with septic complications after pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer had a significantly lower number of circulating DCs before pancreatectomy, compared with those without septic complications. Among the diverse clinical parameters examined, multivariate analysis indicated preoperative circulating DC count as the only predictive value for septic complication. In particular, when the circulating DC count was less than 10.0 x 103/mL in peripheral blood, the risk of developing postoperative septic complications increased markedly, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of total circulating DC counts less than 10.0 x 103/mL were as high as 80%.
Dendritic cells display a strong capacity to stimulate naive T cells and initiate an effective immune response against various pathogens with concentrations of surface major histocompatibility complex–peptide complexes, which are much higher than other antigen-presenting cells, such as B cells and monocytes.22-24 Microbial structures, such as peptidoglycan, flagellin, lipopolysaccharide, and unmethylated cytosine-guanine motifs (prevalent in bacterial DNA, viruses, and the yeast form of Candida albicans), are recognized through the Toll-like receptor family expressed on DCs, which then induce TH1 or TH2 immune responses.25 Thus, DCs are also important for inducing a potent immune response against microorganism infection and contribute to the prevention of infection. It has been reported that the patients with common variable immunodeficiency have lower DC counts as well as impaired DC function.26 It is likely that the deterioration of circulating DCs documented in patients who experience postpancreatectomy septic complications is one sign of weakened host immunity, which allows pathogens to multiply.
Human DCs are divided into 2 subset populations that are functionally and phenotypically heterogeneous: DC1 (myeloid DC population), which stimulates CD4+ T cells to differentiate into TH1 cells, and DC2 (lymphoid DC population), which induces differentiation into TH2 cells or the generation of regulatory T cells.12, 27-28 Differentiation of naive T cells into TH1 or TH2 effectors is determined not only by cytokine environment (IL-12 [interleukin 12] vs IL-4), the nature and strength of T-cell receptor–mediated signals, and genetic background, but also by the type and activation state of the DCs.29-31
Type 1 DCs play a central role in promoting immune responses against malignancies, and we have previously reported that in patients with pancreatic cancer, circulating DC1 count and function are impaired relative to healthy individuals.21, 32 Alternatively, circulating DC2 is considered important for the tolerance induction in organ transplantation.33 Recent reports also suggest that DC2 is capable of inducing a TH1 response to several kinds of microbes.34-37 Significantly lower circulating DC1 (P < .05) and circulating DC2 (P < .01) levels in patients with septic complications than in those without suggest that decreased numbers of circulating DC1 and circulating DC2 may both be associated with the occurrence of septic complications after pancreatectomy.
Preoperative CRP levels, which were significantly higher in patients with septic complications than in those without, did not demonstrate any statistical correlation with the occurrence of the septic complications (data not shown). Therefore, preoperative CRP levels are unlikely to be a principal factor in the development of postpancreatectomy septic complications.
Additional risk factors that have been reported for the development of postoperative septic complications include lack of surgical skills.3, 7 To control for surgical variables in this study, all operations were performed or supervised by 2 senior surgeons experienced in pancreatic surgery; the in-hospital mortality rate was 0%. There were no significant differences in other operation-related factors, such as type of operation, duration of operation, intraoperative blood loss, or requirement for blood transfusion between patients with and without septic complications. Thus, we conclude that surgical technique was maintained at a high level and would not substantially affect the occurrence of postoperative complications.
Although there are several types of immunologic examinations available for predicting the risk of developing postoperative septic complications,6-8 most examinations are technically complex and require a relatively long period to generate results. In contrast, circulating DC count can be easily measured in a few hours using flow cytometry and therefore can be practically introduced in daily clinical evaluations. Moreover, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of circulating DC counts less than 10.0 x 103/mL as they relate to postoperative septic complications were quite high, at approximately 80%. Therefore, we strongly support the use of circulating DC count as a measure to predict whether postoperative septic complications are likely to develop in patients with pancreatic cancer.
In conclusion, low preoperative circulating DC count (< 10.0 x 103/mL) can be a risk factor for patients with pancreatic cancer to develop postoperative septic complications after pancreatectomy. Accurate estimation of patients who are at high risk for septic complication is crucial for planning preventive and therapeutic strategies.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Sohei Satoi, MD, Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-3-1, Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1191, Japan (satoi{at}hirakata.kmu.ac.jp).
Accepted for Publication: April 20, 2006.
Author Contributions: Study concept and design: Takahashi, Satoi, Yanagimoto, Terakawa, Toyokawa, Matsui, Takai, Kwon, and Kamiyama. Acquisition of data: Takahashi, Satoi, Yanagimoto, Terakawa, Toyokawa, and Yamamoto. Analysis and interpretation of data: Takahashi, Satoi, Yanagimoto, Matsui, and Kamiyama. Drafting of the manuscript: Takahashi and Satoi. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Satoi, Yanagimoto, Terakawa, Toyokawa, Matsui, Yamamoto, Matsui, Takai, Kwon, and Kamiyama. Statistical analysis: Takahashi, Satoi, and Matsui. Obtained funding: Kamiyama. Administrative, technical, and material support: Takahashi, Satoi, Yanagimoto, Terakawa, Toyokawa, Yamamoto, and Matsui. Study supervision: Takai, Kwon, and Kamiyama.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Author Affiliations: Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.
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