 |
|
Management of Delayed Postoperative Hemorrhage After PancreaticoduodenectomyA Meta-analysis
Paolo Limongelli, MD;
Shirin E. Khorsandi, MD;
Madhava Pai, MRCS;
James E. Jackson, MD, FRCR;
Paul Tait, MD, FRCR;
John Tierris, MD;
Nagy A. Habib, MD, FRCS;
Robin C. N. Williamson, MD, FRCS;
Long R. Jiao, MD, FRCS
Arch Surg. 2008;143(10):1001-1007.
ABSTRACT
| |
Objective To determine whether interventional radiology (IR) or laparotomy (LAP) is the best management of delayed postoperative hemorrhage (DPH) after pancreaticoduodenectomy.
Data Source We undertook an electronic search of MEDLINE and selected for analysis only original articles published between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2007.
Study Selection Two of us independently selected studies reporting on clinical presentation and incidence of postoperative DPH and the following outcomes: complete hemostasis, morbidity, and mortality.
Data Extraction Two of us independently performed data extraction. Data were entered and analyzed by means of dedicated software from The Cochrane Collaboration. A random-effects meta-analytical technique was used for analysis.
Data Synthesis One hundred sixty-three cases of DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy were identified from the literature. The incidence of DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy was 3.9%. Seventy-seven patients (47.2%) underwent LAP; 73 (44.8%), IR; and 13 (8%), conservative treatment. On meta-analysis comparing LAP vs IR for DPH, no significant difference was found between the 2 treatment options for complete hemostasis (73% vs 76%; P = .23), mortality (43% vs 20%; P = .14), or morbidity (77% vs 35%; P = .06).
Conclusions This meta-analysis, although based on data from small case series, is unable to demonstrate any significant difference between LAP and IR in the management of DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The management of this life-threatening complication is difficult, and the appropriate treatment pathway ultimately will be decided by the clinical status of the patient and the institution preference.
INTRODUCTION
First performed by Walter Kausch,1 and subsequently as a 2-stage procedure by Whipple et al2 and Brunschwig,3 pancreaticoduodenectomy has become the standard surgical procedure for benign or malignant pancreatic and periampullary tumors.4 With improvements in preoperative staging methods, postoperative intensive care, and centralization of pancreatic services to high-volume hospitals, the results of pancreaticoduodenectomy have improved dramatically during the past decade with a significant reduction in operative mortality. However, a high postoperative morbidity remains.5-8
Hemorrhagic complications after pancreatic surgery are classified as early or delayed according to their timing.9-10 Early hemorrhage within the first 24 hours after surgery is caused by a technical failure and generally requires immediate laparotomy (LAP). On the other hand, delayed postoperative hemorrhage (DPH), although uncommon, poses a serious problem in the postoperative period and carries a high mortality.11 The most appropriate management of DPH remains unclear and controversial. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of the published literature regarding DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy to identify the best management technique.
METHODS
An electronic search of MEDLINE was undertaken using the key words delayed hemorrhage, delayed bleeding, delayed arterial hemorrhage, delayed arterial bleeding, transcatheter arterial embolization, covered stents, pancreatic resection, and pancreatoduodenectomy in various combinations. Only original articles published between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2007, were selected for analysis. The search terms were identified in the title, abstract, or medical subject heading (MeSH).
Two authors independently selected studies reporting on DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy. One of us (P.L.) extracted and summarized the details of the studies, including the type of surgery, number of patients with DPH, clinical presentation, primary treatment, and its outcome. These details were checked by a second, independent author (S.E.K.) to avoid data input errors.
The patient-relevant outcomes were complete hemostasis, morbidity, and mortality. For this meta-analysis, mortality included any death and morbidity included any complication occurring within 3 months after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The definition of DPH used in the literature is variable. Because of this, we reanalyzed the data to look at potential break points in the time to occurrence and the treatment modality. The fifth postoperative day or later was identified and used as the most appropriate break point for DPH based on the published data.
Quantitative data were entered into the computer by one of us (P.L.) and analyzed using commercially available statistical software (SPSS for Windows, version 12.0 [SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois] and Review Manager, version 4.2 [The Cochrane Collaboration, Software Update, Oxford, England]).
Data entry and analysis were checked by a second author (S.E.K.). The meta-analysis was performed according to recommendations from The Cochrane Collaboration and the Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses guidelines.12-13 Results are expressed as median or range, unless otherwise indicated. For each outcome, a meta-analysis was performed, using an odds ratio as the summary statistic calculated by means of a random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals. The Mantel-Haenszel method was used to combine the odds ratio for the outcomes of interest by means of a random-effects meta-analytical technique. In a random-effects model, it is assumed that there is variation between studies and the calculated odds ratio; thus, it produces a more conservative value.14
The odds ratios represent the odds of an adverse event occurring in the LAP group compared with the interventional radiology (IR) group. An odds ratio of less than 1 favored LAP, and the point estimate of the odds ratio was considered to be statistically significant at the level of P < .05, if the 95% confidence interval did not include the value 1. When a large number of comparisons are made on a small number of cases with inadequate statistical power, a large confidence interval is usually anticipated.
RESULTS
Our search identified a total of 163 cases of DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy (Table 1).15-39 The incidence of DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy was 3.9%. The timing of this complication ranged from 5 to 206 (median, 26) days after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The clinical presentation included intra-abdominal hemorrhage (n = 101), hematemesis and/or melena (n = 46), and both (n = 16). Sentinel bleeding, defined as 1 or more episodes of minor bleeding preceding a major hemorrhage by 6 hours to 10 days,9, 15 was described in 54 patients (33.1%). When documented, 107 patients with DPH (65.6%) had associated intra-abdominal abscess and/or anastomotic leak. In 53 cases of DPH (32.5%), an underlying pseudoaneurysm was responsible. Of the 163 patients reported to have DPH, 77 (47.2%) underwent LAP, 73 (44.8%) underwent IR, and 13 (8.0%) were treated conservatively (Table 2). Among the patients treated conservatively, one died of hypovolemic shock and another of further gastrointestinal tract bleeding associated with septicemia. The remaining 11 patients in that group had no further bleeding.
|
|
|
|
Table 1. Incidence and Clinical Onset of Reported Cases of DPH After Pancreaticoduodenectomya
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 2. Outcome After Primary Treatment of DPH After Pancreaticoduodenectomya
|
|
|
META-ANALYSIS OF LAP VS IR FOR COMPLETE HEMOSTASIS OF DPH AFTER PANCREATICODUODENECTOMY
Only 2 studies34-35 did not report on complete hemostasis after LAP or IR (Figure 1). The 22 patients from these 2 studies, along with 13 patients treated conservatively, were excluded from this analysis.
|
|
|
|
Figure 1. Forest plots of complete hemostasis for interventional radiology (IR) vs laparotomy (LAP) in delayed postoperative hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Squares indicate the point estimates of the treatment effect (odds ratio [OR]), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) indicated by horizontal bars. The diamond represents the summary estimate from the pooled studies with 95% CIs.
|
|
|
Complete hemostasis was obtained in 46 of 63 patients (73%) undergoing LAP and in 56 of 73 (77%) undergoing IR (Figure 1). On statistical analysis, no significant difference was found between LAP and IR in achieving complete hemostasis of DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy (P = .23). In the 35 patients with rebleeding after primary treatment, 25 underwent LAP and 10 underwent IR to achieve hemostasis.
META-ANALYSIS OF LAP VS IR FOR MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY
All 20 studies reported on morbidity and mortality after LAP or IR treatment of DPH. Thirteen patients underwent conservative treatment and were excluded. Fifty-four of 77 patients undergoing LAP (70%) and 26 of 73 undergoing IR (36%) had complications (Figure 2). Among the 93 posttreatment complications, there were 5 cases (5%) of hepatic failure after IR and 1 case (1%) after LAP. Four of these 6 patients who developed hepatic failure after primary treatment died during hospitalization. However, on meta-analysis, only a marginally significant difference was found for morbidity between LAP and IR in the treatment of DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy (P = .05).
|
|
|
|
Figure 2. Forest plots of overall morbidity for interventional radiology (IR) vs laparotomy (LAP) in delayed postoperative hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Squares indicate the point estimates of the treatment effect (odds ratio [OR]), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) indicated by horizontal bars. The diamond represents the summary estimate from the pooled studies with 95% CIs.
|
|
|
Fifty of 163 patients with DPH (30.7%) died after treatment. Reported causes of death after LAP were hemorrhagic shock, septic shock, disruption of the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis, erosion into the adjacent superior mesenteric artery, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiple organ failure. Septic shock, hemorrhagic shock, hepatic failure, and multiple organ failure were the reported causes of death after IR. Death occurred in 33 of the 77 patients undergoing LAP (43%) and only 15 of the 73 undergoing IR (20%) (Figure 3). Statistical analysis did not demonstrate any significant difference in mortality between LAP and IR in the treatment of DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy (P = .13).
|
|
|
|
Figure 3. Forest plots of overall mortality for interventional radiology (IR) vs laparotomy (LAP) in delayed postoperative hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Squares indicate the point estimates of the treatment effect (odds ratio [OR]), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) indicated by horizontal bars. The diamond represents the summary estimate from the pooled studies with 95% CIs.
|
|
|
COMMENT
Although DPH after pancreatic resection is a well-recognized complication, it is relatively uncommon.15-39 As a result, its management remains unclear. From the literature we identified 163 cases of DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy (Table 1). The incidence of DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy was found to be 3.9%, with a third of patients with this complication dying of it. The pathogenesis of DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy appears to be multifactorial. In pancreaticoduodenectomy, regional lymphadenectomy and extensive vascular skeletonization are often performed, making vessels vulnerable to erosion due to local sepsis secondary to abscess, pancreatic fistula, or anastomotic leakage.17-18,26-27 From our review, we found that almost two-thirds (65.6%) of the cases of DPH were associated with intra-abdominal abscess or anastomotic leak, and pseudoaneurysms were found to be involved in DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy in approximately one-third of cases (53 of 163 [32.5%]).
In 33.1% of reported cases, sentinel bleeding occurred, which is where 1 or more episodes of minor bleeding preceded a major DPH. A major DPH was defined as a significant drop in hemoglobin level or as hemodynamic instability necessitating blood transfusion.9, 15 This definition emphasizes that any episode of hemorrhage, regardless of its severity, should be investigated aggressively in this group of patients.
From the literature, when reported, we found that less than one-third of patients (28.2%) presented with gastrointestinal tract bleeding, and approximately two-thirds (61.3%) presented with intra-abdominal bleeding. Gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage is often due to bleeding from a marginal ulcer at the anastomosis, the suture line, or a ruptured pseudoaneurysm secondary to an anastomotic leak. On the other hand, intra-abdominal hemorrhage is usually detected by noticing blood in an abdominal drain and is often associated with a leak from the pancreatic anastomosis.4, 20 Endoscopy, which is usually used as a first diagnostic tool when upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding is suspected, may fail to pinpoint the site of hemorrhage, and positive findings such as erosive gastritis on endoscopy can be dangerously misleading and result in a delayed intervention or, in the worst cases, death.4, 15, 18, 21
Historically, LAP has probably been the first choice of treatment for DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy.15, 40 Laparotomy allows hemostasis (by ligation or underrunning of the vessels or pseudoaneurysms) to be combined with treatment of the factors contributing to DPH, such as anastomotic disruption or intra-abdominal collections. In cases of pancreatic leak or disrupted anastomosis, better mortality outcomes have been reported for lesser procedures, such as taking down and oversewing the pancreatic stump or occluding the pancreatic duct, when compared with aggressive completion pancreatectomy.16, 23, 41-42 However, during the past decade, a number of publications have reported encouraging results after management of DPH by IR.17, 21-24,26-27,37
From the published cases in the literature, LAP was performed in 47.2% of cases with DPH, and 44.8% underwent IR. The meta-analysis did not reveal a significant difference between IR and LAP in successfully arresting hemorrhage (P = .23). No significant difference in posttreatment complications was found when DPH had been managed by LAP vs IR (P = .06), despite 70% of patients experiencing a complication in the LAP group compared with 36% in the IR group. A significant difference in death events between the 2 treatment options also was not found, despite 43% of patients dying when treated with LAP compared with 21% dying when treated with IR. The finding of higher morbidity and mortality in the patients treated with LAP is not unexpected considering the invasiveness of this strategy in patients already weakened by their initial surgical resection and debilitated further by the development of sepsis or anastomotic breakdown that then predisposed them to developing DPH.
Selective visceral angiography of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries has been shown to be the single most valuable examination to elucidate the bleeding site.41-47 However, angiography has limitations when the bleeding is venous, diffuse, or intermittent.45 Transcatheter arterial embolization has been shown to be a safe and effective first-line treatment for ruptured pseudoaneurysm.48-50 Drawbacks of this procedure can be the accidental or intentional occlusion of the hepatic artery, which can lead to cholangitis, hepatic abscess, or fatal hepatic failure. From the published data, we found 5 cases (5%) of hepatic failure after IR and 1 case (1%) after LAP in the treatment of DPH (Table 2). However, the recent use of covered stents in the management of DPH may prove to be a useful solution for arresting hemorrhage while preserving hepatic artery perfusion and may further establish the role of IR in the management of DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy.51
To our knowledge, no prospective randomized clinical trial comparing LAP with IR in the management of DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy has been conducted to date, largely owing to the limited number of patients presenting with this postoperative complication. Therefore, there is currently no evidence to suggest that one strategy is superior to the other.7 This meta-analysis, although based on small case series of DPH after pancreaticoduodenectomy, has not been able to demonstrate that IR is significantly more advantageous than LAP. Based on the result of the present study, the management of this life-threatening complication ultimately will be dictated by the clinical status of the patient and the institution preference, with IR as the potential first-line less aggressive invasive investigation and treatment for hemodynamically stable patients and a more aggressive surgical approach as an imminent and/or definitive option when others have failed.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Long R. Jiao, MD, FRCS, HPB Unit, Division of Surgery and Intensive Care, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, England (l.jiao{at}imperial.ac.uk).
Accepted for Publication: May 14, 2007.
Author Contributions: Study concept and design: Habib, Williamson, and Jiao. Acquisition of data: Pai, Jackson, Tait, and Tierris. Analysis and interpretation of data: Limongelli and Khorsandi. Drafting of the manuscript: Limongelli, Khorsandi, Pai, Tierris, and Jiao. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Jackson, Tait, Habib, and Williamson. Statistical analysis: Limongelli. Administrative, technical, and material support: Jackson. Study supervision: Jiao.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Author Affiliations: Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Unit, Division of Surgery and Intensive Care (Drs Limongelli, Khorsandi, Pai, Tierris, Habib, Williamson, and Jiao), and Department of Radiology (Drs Jackson and Tait), Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England.
REFERENCES
| |
1. Kausch W. Das Carcinom der Papilla duodeni und seine radikale Entfernung. Beitr Klin Chir. 1912;78:439-486.
2. Whipple AO, Parsons WB, Mullins CR. Treatment of carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. Ann Surg. 1935;102(4):763-779.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
3. Brunschwig A. Resection of the head of the pancreas and duodenum for carcinoma-pancreaticoduodenectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1937;65:681-684.
ISI
4. Yeo CJ. Management of complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy. Surg Clin North Am. 1995;75(5):913-924.
ISI
| PUBMED
5. Cameron JL, Pitt HA, Yeo CJ, Lillemoe KD, Kaufman HS, Coleman J. One hundred and forty-five consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomies without mortality. Ann Surg. 1993;217(5):430-438.
ISI
| PUBMED
6. Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Sohn TA; et al. Six hundred fifty consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomies in the 1990s: pathology, complications, and outcomes. Ann Surg. 1997;226(3):248-260.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
7. Schäfer M, Mullhaupt B, Clavien P. Evidence-based pancreatic head resection for pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Ann Surg. 2002;236(2):137-148.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
8. DeOliveira ML, Winter JM, Schafer M; et al. Assessment of complications after pancreatic surgery: a novel grading system applied to 633 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. Ann Surg. 2006;244(6):931-939.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
9. Shankar S, Russell RCG. Hemorrhage in pancreatic disease. Br J Surg. 1989;76(8):863-866.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
10. de Castro SM, Kuhlmann KF, Busch OR; et al. Delayed massive hemorrhage after pancreatic and biliary surgery: embolization or surgery? Ann Surg. 2005;241(1):85-91.
ISI
| PUBMED
11. Jordan GL Jr. Pancreatic resection for pancreatic cancer. Surg Clin North Am. 1989;69(3):569-597.
ISI
| PUBMED
12. Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D, Stroup DF. Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUO ROM statement: Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses. Lancet. 1999;354(9193):1896-1900.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
13. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC; et al, Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) Group. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA. 2000;283(15):2008-2012.
FREE FULL TEXT
14. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629-634.
FREE FULL TEXT
15. Brodsky JT, Turnbull ADM. Arterial hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy: the "sentinel bleeding." Arch Surg. 1991;126(8):1037-1040.
FREE FULL TEXT
16. Wu CC, Hwang CR, Yeh DC, Hwang YC, Liu TJ, P’eng FK. Treatment of the dehiscence of the pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy: is resection of the residual pancreas necessary? Hepatogastroenterology. 1996;43(7):271-274.
PUBMED
17. Reber PU, Baer HU, Patel AG, Triller J, Buchler MW. Life-threatening upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding caused by ruptured extrahepatic pseudoaneurysm after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Surgery. 1998;124(1):114-115.
ISI
| PUBMED
18. Sato N, Yamaguchi K, Shimizu S; et al. Coil embolization of bleeding visceral pseudoaneurysm following pancreaticoduodenectomy. Arch Surg. 1998;133(10):1099-1102.
FREE FULL TEXT
19. Yoshida T, Matsumoto T, Morii Y; et al. Delayed massive intraperitoneal hemorrhage after pancreatoduodenectomy. Int Surg. 1998;83(2):131-135.
ISI
| PUBMED
20. Aranha GV, O’Neil S, Borge MA. Successful nonoperative management of bleeding hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm following pancreaticoduodenectomy. Dig Surg. 1999;16(6):528-530.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
21. Okuno A, Miyazaki M, Ito H; et al. Nonsurgical management of ruptured pseudoaneurysm in patients with hepatobiliary pancreatic diseases. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(4):1067-1071.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
22. Sugimoto H, Kaneko T, Ishiguchi T; et al. Delayed rupture of a pseudoaneurysm following pancreatoduodenectomy: report of a case. Surg Today. 2001;31(10):932-935.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
23. Otah E, Cushin BJ, Rozenblit GN, Neff R, Otah K, Cooperman A. Visceral artery pseudoaneurysm following pancreaticoduodenectomy. Arch Surg. 2002;137(1):55-59.
FREE FULL TEXT
24. Mansueto G, D’Onofrio M, Iacono C, Rozzanigo U, Serio G, Procacci C. Gastroduodenal artery stump hemorrhage following pylorus-sparing Whipple procedure: treatment with covered stents. Dig Surg. 2002;19(3):237-240.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
25. Santoro R, Carlini M, Carboni F, Nicolas C, Santoro E. Delayed massive arterial hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer: management of a life-threatening complication. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50(54):2199-2204.
PUBMED
26. Teramoto K, Kawamura T, Takamatsu S, Noguchi N, Arii S. A case of hepatic arterial embolization and partial arterialization of the portal vein for intraperitoneal hemorrhage after a pancreaticoduodenectomy. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50(53):1217-1219.
PUBMED
27. Yoon YS, Kim SW, Her KH; et al. Management of postoperative hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50(54):2208-2212.
PUBMED
28. Balachandran P, Sikora SS, Raghavendra Rao RV, Kumar A, Saxena R, Kapoor VK. Haemorrhagic complications of pancreaticoduodenectomy. ANZ J Surg. 2004;74(11):945-950.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
29. Choi SH, Moon HJ, Heo JS, Joh JW, Kim YI. Delayed hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. J Am Coll Surg. 2004;199(2):186-191.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
30. Kim J, Kim JK, Yoon W; et al. Transarterial embolization for postoperative hemorrhage after abdominal surgery. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9(3):393-399.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
31. Makowiec F, Riediger H, Euringer W, Uhl M, Hopt UT, Adam U. Management of delayed visceral arterial bleeding after pancreatic head resection. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9(9):1293-1299.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
32. Tien YW, Lee PH, Yang CY, Ho MC, Chiu YF. Risk factors of massive bleeding related to pancreatic leak after pancreaticoduodenectomy. J Am Coll Surg. 2005;201(4):554-559.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
33. Koukoutsis I, Bellagamba R, Morris-Stiff G; et al. Hemorrhage following pancreaticoduodenectomy: risk factors and the importance of sentinel bleed. Dig Surg. 2006;23(4):224-228.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
34. Boggi U, Del Chiaro M, Croce C; et al. Vascular complications of pancreatectomy. JOP. 2007;8(1)(suppl):102-113.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
35. Cullen JJ, Sarr MG, Ilstrup DM. Pancreatic anastomotic leak after pancreaticoduodenectomy: incidence, significance, and management. Am J Surg. 1994;168(4):295-298.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
36. Furukawa H, Kosuge T, Shimada K, Yamamoto J, Kyosuke U. Helical CT of the abdomen after pancreaticoduodenectomy: usefulness for detecting postoperative complications. Hepatogastroenterology. 1997;44(15):849-855.
PUBMED
37. Rumstadt B, Schwab M, Korth P, Samman M, Trede M. Hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Ann Surg. 1998;227(2):236-241.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
38. Sohn TA, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL; et al. Pancreaticoduodenectomy: role of interventional radiologist in managing patients and complications. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7(2):209-219.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
39. Turrini O, Moutardier V, Guiramand J; et al. Hemorrhage after duodenopancreatectomy: impact of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and experience with sentinel bleeding. World J Surg. 2005;29(2):212-216.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
40. van Berge Henegouwen MI, Allema JH, van Gulik M, Verbeek PCM, Obertop H, Gouma DJ. Delayed massive hemorrhage after pancreatic and biliary surgery. Br J Surg. 1995;82(11):1527-1531.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
41. Burdy G, Attal E, Frileux P; et al. Analysis of the drainage fluid after cephalic duodenopancreatectomy: a reliable clinical criterion [in French]. Ann Chir. 1999;53(3):191-200.
ISI
| PUBMED
42. Smith CD, Sarr MG, vanHeerden JA. Completion pancreatectomy following pancreaticoduodenectomy: clinical experience. World J Surg. 1992;16(3):521-524.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
43. Stanley JC, Frey CF, Miller TA, Lindenauer SM, Child CG III. Major arterial hemorrhage: a complication of pancreatic pseudocyst and chronic pancreatitis. Arch Surg. 1976;111(4):435-440.
FREE FULL TEXT
44. Gadacz TR, Trunkey D, Kieffer RF Jr. Visceral vessel erosion associated with pancreatitis. Arch Surg. 1978;113(12):1438-1440.
FREE FULL TEXT
45. Cahow CE, Gusberg RJ, Gottlieb LJ. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage from pseudoaneurysm in pancreatic pseudocyst. Am J Surg. 1983;145(4):534-541.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
46. Harper PC, Gemelli RL, Kaye MD. Recurrent hemorrhage into the pancreatic duct from a splenic artery aneurysm. Gastroenterology. 1984;87(2):417-420.
ISI
| PUBMED
47. Mandel SR, Jaques PF, Sanofsky S, Mauro MA. Nonoperative management of peripancreatic arterial aneurysms: a 10-year experience. Ann Surg. 1987;205(2):126-128.
ISI
| PUBMED
48. Flati G, Andren-Sandberg A, La Pinta M, Porowska B, Carboni M. Potentially fatal bleeding in acute pancreatitis: pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment. Pancreas. 2003;26(1):8-14.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
49. Rivitz SM, Waltman AC, Kalsey PB. Embolization of a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1996;19(1):43-46.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
50. Reber PU, Baer HU, Patel AG, Wildi S, Triller J, Buchler MW. Superselective microcoil embolization: treatment of choice in high-risk patients with extrahepatic pseudoaneurysm of the hepatic arteries. J Am Coll Surg. 1998;186(3):325-330.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
51. Zealley IA, Tait IS, Polignano FM. Delayed massive hemorrhage after pancreatic and biliary surgery: embolization or surgery? Ann Surg. 2006;243(1):138-139.
ISI
| PUBMED
 CiteULike  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati  Twitter
What's this?
RELATED ARTICLE
Management of Delayed Postoperative Hemorrhage After Pancreaticoduodenectomy—Invited Critique
Thomas J. Howard
Arch Surg. 2008;143(10):1007.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
|
