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N. FREDERICK HICKEN, M.D; A. JAMES McALLISTER, M.D.; BRUCE FRANZ, M.D.; EARL CROWDER, M.D.

Arch Surg. 1950;60(6):1102-1113.

	Since this article does not have an abstract, we have provided the first 150 words of the full text PDF and any section headings.

THE EXPLORATION of the liver and its excretory bile ducts by means of contrast roentgenography has developed into an exact science. Just as urograms have transformed urology from a suppositional to a precision specialty, so cholangiograms have displaced the haphazard methods which have been employed in recognizing pathologic dysfunctions of the biliary system. The importance of cholangiography cannot be overemphasized.

HISTORICAL OBSERVATIONS

The early literature on cholangiography contains sporadic reports from various parts of the world. Reich¹ in 1918 introduced a mixture of "petrolatum and barium paste" into an external biliary fistula and obtained an accurate roentgenographic pattern of the bile ducts. In January of 1922 Tenney and Patterson² visualized an incarcerated ampullary stone by introducing bismuth paste into a persistent external biliary fistula. Unfortunately the thick paste plugged the bile ducts, and the resulting cholangitis and cholemia did much to discourage further development of this procedure in . . . [Full Text PDF of this Article]

Author Affiliations
SALT LAKE CITY

From the departments of surgery and radiology, University of Utah Medical School and R. Groves Latter Day Saints Memorial Hospital.

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